The Role of in-Film Advertising in Promoting the Sales of...

THE ROLE OF IN-FILM ADVERTISING IN PROMOTING THE SALES OF A BRAND ABSTRACT Introduction: Cinema gives a powerful environment in which to advertise. The film being shown virtually identifies the target audience and makes it very easy to schedule and buy advertising spots to match brand message to potential consumers. Better still, the audience is completely captive and in a receptive frame of mind as they wait to be entertained. A well organized media plan based closely around the films being shown can be a highly effective way of communicating brand messages to a willing audience. In-film advertising is very much alive and kicking. Hence we have formulated the following hypothesis: ‘In-film advertising helps in promoting the sales of†¦show more content†¦LITERATURE RESEARCH DESIGN The research design technique used is the hyposthesis-testing research studies.As we wanted to study the relationship between the two variables used in the hypothesis, one being (influence) of in-film advertising and second (its effect) on promotion of sales of the brand. TITLE Role of In-film advertising in promoting the sales of the brands. RESEARCH QUESTIONS RESEARCH PROBLEM The past four to five years has seen an tremendous increase, in the use of in-film advertising. Movies such as delhi 6, dhoom 1, Don, Aisha , Tees Maar khan etc have visibly made the use of in-film advertising. No matter if the movie belongs to a big banner or a small banner, whether it is a thumbs up or a super flop, companies have vigorously used this technique, to advertise their brands and thus increase their visibility. The question arises as to what makes them invest crores of their funds into this field, is it actually helping them to promote sales? Has it in fact helping to build up a brand image? And also, if ever it is not converting the prospective customers into customers, what is the reason behind it’s failure? RESEARCH OBJECTIVES The objectives of conducting the research are as follows 1. To find out whether people known what in film advertising is? 2. To find out whether the viewers are able to recall the brands being showcased in the movie? 3. To find out whether it is increasing the visibility of theShow MoreRelatedFunctions of Marketing and Public Relations1238 Words   |  5 Pagesimprove sales by creating what people want. A marketing strategy is a plan identifying your target market, goals and objectives. It should include the 4 P’s. The purpose of a marketing strategy is to provide you with a structure and time limits. Advertising is an effective way to communicate. 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Additionally the differences between traditional marketing and digital marketing in this paper are presented. This study has described various forms of digital marketing, effectiveness of it and the impact it has on firm’s sales. The examined sample consists of one hundredRead MoreChallenges Of The 21st Century And The Role Of Advertising1281 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Challenges of the 21st century and the role of advertising in the future.† There are many challenges and dispute that advertisers face in the marketing. Advertising is an audio, visual, print form of marketing communication with potential and existing target audience either for commercial or social purpose. It is something that captures the attention of a customers. Advertising has moved away from traditional print and television to a smaller screen of the mobile phone. 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Ideally, advertising shouldRead MoreCoca Col An Overview1694 Words   |  7 Pagesthere was as little as 1/400 of a grain of cocaine per ounce of syrup. It eventually became cocaine free in 1929. The Coca Cola company reports on their website that the first year John only sold 9 servings daily in Atlanta at 5 cents each. Currently, sales are at 1.9 billion servings daily worldwide. Over the course of three years, 1888-189, Pemberton sold the Company to Atlanta businessman Asa Griggs Candler. Candler gave aw ay coupons for complimentary first tastes, and gave pharmacists clocks, urnsRead MoreCelebrities And Consumer Culture Of Citizens1407 Words   |  6 Pagesinterlinked majorly with consumers since without the other; the other would cease to exist. This is evident as celebrities livelihood relies completely upon the consumer culture of citizens, which is what makes them famous, and gives them that celebrity role. Whilst this is apparent, the links involve As stated by Graeme Turner in Understanding Celebrity, ‘the contemporary celebrity will usually have emerged from the sports or entertainment industries; they will be highly visible through the media; and

The Violence of Child Abuse in My Papas Waltz by Theodore...

Child abuse is physical mistreatment that unfortunately happens to children everywhere around the world. In the same way, the poem â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† by Theodore Roethke, describes and gives the readers an insight of what child abuse is like. The poem presents a relationship between a drunken father and his son. Therefore, the setting, sensory details, and word choice of the poem allows the reader to understand the violence the little boy goes through after his father returns from work. The setting of the poem is very important to understand key elements that the poet is trying to express. The poem, â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz,† is set in the family’s kitchen. The lines â€Å"The whiskey on your breath†¦slid from the kitchen shelf;† let the readers assume†¦show more content†¦Furthermore, the poet purposefully chooses to take readers on an emotional roller coaster most likely to let readers understand deeper feelings that the child is experiencing. With these sensory details throughout the poem and the use of alcohol (whiskey), it is easy for readers to associate the situation of a father abusing his child. The word choice in the poem creates a tension and suggests violence the most. The word choice also creates a grimmer element â€Å"which is marked by a series of words beginning with ‘death’ in the first stanza and ending with ‘clinging’ in the last and including such words as ‘unfrown,’ ‘battered,’ ‘scraped,’ ‘beat,’ ‘hard’ in the middle stanzas† (Janssen 43). When the speaker says â€Å"At every step you missed, my right ear scraped a buckle† makes it clear that child is being hurt and abused; perhaps the actual reason the child’s guilt filled and helpless mother is unhappy, angry and disappointed (Roethke 126). The words that the poet chooses are hence very significant to understand the poem clearly. Concisely, child abuse in the poem â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† is clear through the provided context clues such as setting, emotions and word choice. By the end of the poem, readers get a family portrait with a drunken father, angry mother, and abused child (Janssen 43). The construction of the poem allows the reader to get a better understanding of the poem by the end. The poem also permits the readers to get an insight at child abuse and how itShow MoreRelated My Papas Waltz Essay554 Words   |  3 PagesRevealing Child Abuse in â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In Theodore Roethke’s â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz,† the persona reveals an incidence of child abuse that happened earlier in his life. He divulges the occurrence of abuse through the use of certain words and noting the actions that go on during the â€Å"waltz.† Through the use of graphic diction, Roethke informs the reader that â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† depicts an episode of child abuse. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The persona Roethke creates disclosesRead MoreLost Between Love and Abuse Essay2431 Words   |  10 Pagesparenthood. The American poet Theodore Roethke (1908-1963) describes the relationship between him and his father through his poem â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz.† Theodore reveals his painful memories of his difficult childhood in a critical age when many children wouldn’t ask for anything more than the love of their parents. Professor Grant T. Smith â€Å"Theodore Roethkes ‘My Papas Waltz’: A Readers Response†, explains how his students value the father-son relationship in Theodore’ poem, he believes that â€Å"TheirRead MoreAnalysis Of My Papa s Waltz By Theodore Roethke1258 Words   |  6 PagesWith My Father When introduced to â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† by Theodore Roethke, there is a sense of nostalgia; like watching an old black and white movie. Contradictory to the title however, the poem depicts a perplexing scene of a father drunkenly dancing his son up to bed. There is a bit of controversy about this poem over whether this is about a childhood memory of a son’s cherished moment with his father, or if it is about a violent, dysfunctional family situation. In fact it is both. Theodore RoethkeRead MoreTheodore Roethke’s My Papa’s Waltz and Robert Hayden’s Those Winter Sundays1722 Words   |  7 PagesAbuse is a difficult and sensitive subject that can have long lasting effects. These traumatic emotional effects are often intensified if the abuse happens at a young age because children do not understand why the abuse is happening or how to deal with it. There are many abuse programs set up to counter the severe effects which abuse can have. Even m ore, poets and writers all over the world contribute works that express the saddening events and force the public to realize it is much more real thanRead MoreFamily Symbolism In Literature1134 Words   |  5 PagesFamily, many of the works that are studied contain literary symbols that can be interpreted. Specifically, this essay will discuss symbols in My Papa’s Waltz by Theodore Roethke, Sonny’s Blues by James Baldwin, and Daddy by Sylvia Plath. The first work studied in the family unit that contains obvious use of symbolism is My Papa’s Waltz by Theodore Roethke. In a poem with a name of a popular dancing style literally in the title, one would expect to see some dancing. However, a better word for whatRead MoreChild Abuse : The Unintentional Cover Up1303 Words   |  6 PagesChild Abuse: The Unintentional Cover Up Found all over the world, in every social economic class, child abuse is still present even though its terms and definitions have changed over the years. Child abuse is rarely reported by the kids or parents, but by responsible adults in authority over the victim. The poem â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz† by Theodore Roethke reflects the issue of child abuse, by portraying a young child’s attempt to normalize an abusive situation. Survival mechanisms used by children in abusiveRead More1. Important Background Information About Poet: (Be Sure1305 Words   |  6 Pages 1. Important Background Information about Poet: (be sure to cite any sources that you use) Theodore Roethke was born in 1908 in Michigan and died on August 1, 1963. In the beginning of Roethke’s life, he experienced life changing tragedies including the suicide of his uncle and the loss of his father due to cancer. Shortly after, he attended University of Michigan at Ann Arbor to pursue a career in English. He eventually became disinterested in his studies due to understandable depression, and heRead MoreAnalysis Of My Papas Waltz1471 Words   |  6 Pagesson or parent abuse. Looking at the title of the poem â€Å"My Papa’s Waltz†, by Theodore Roethke, I got positive vibes and thought it would be about a kid and his father dancing. Papa is usually a word used by a young boy or girl to get the attention of their loving father and a waltz is a dance usually demonstrating happy times. The first time reading it through I continued to think that it was a poem about a father and a son just dancing around having a good time. Some words caught my eye that made

Gilgameshs downfall Essay Example For Students

Gilgameshs downfall Essay In The Epic of Gilgamesh the main character, Gilgamesh, is searching for immortality. This want is brought about by deep feelings held by Gilgamesh for his dead friend Enkidu. From this, Gilgamesh finds himself being scared of dying. This fear pushes Gilgamesh to search for the power of immortal life, which is believed to be held only by women because of the fact that they can reproduce. This takes him on a long and tiresome journey to a land where no mortal has gone before. The search by Gligamesh is fueled by the desire to play a part in reproduction. His journey begins at Mount Mashu, the mountain which describes a woman in the part that her paps reach down to the underworld. Referring to two women’s breast’s hanging down. Before he may enter the mountain, he meets two half female, half dragon figures guarding the entrance. They begin asking why he has come; No man/ born of woman has done what you have/ asked, no mortal man has ever gone into the/ mountain. This moun tain is off limits to mortal beings, he should not be there Gilgamesh is alloud in and goes through twelve leagues of darkness before he reaches the golden garden of the goddesses. Upon arriving there he is greeted by Shamash, the Sun God, who tells him, You will never find the/ life for which you are searching. This upsets Gilgamesh because he has traveled so far to now just sleep and let the earth cover my head forever? From leaving Shamash, Gilgamesh is sent to see Siduri. Beside the sea she lives, the woman of/ the vine, the maker of wine†¦ and she does not want to allow Gilgamesh pass. Gilgamesh pleads with her that since he has seen her do not let him see death. She answers, Gilgamesh, where/ are you hurrying to? You will never find that life for which you are looking. Once again Gilgamesh hears that what he is looking for does not exist. She tells him to enjoy life to its fullest because that is what a man is there for. That does not satisfy Gilgamesh and he wishes to kn ow where to find Utnapishtim, the only man with eternal life. To find him, Gilgamesh must locate Urshanabi, the ferry woman. She then proceeds to take him over the Ocean and over the waters of death. So Gilgamesh finds himself in Dilmun, the place where Utnapishtim resides. Utnapishtim asks why he has come. Gilgamesh proceeds to tell Utnapishtim the whole story about Enkidu dying, how far he has traveled, who he has met, and finally that he wants to know how to become immortal like him. There is no permanence, Utnapishtim states, It is only the nymph of the/ dragonfly who sheds her larva and sees the sun in her glory. This statement is saying that only woman live forever through reproduction. Utnapishtim continues to tell Gilgamesh how he got here and asks As for you, Gilgamesh,/ who will assemble the gods for/ your sake, so that you may find that life for which you are searching? Utnapishtim offers him a test and all he has to do is stay up for six days and seven nights. Gilgamesh can not do it, and he immediately falls asleep. Utnapishtim wakes him after seven days and tells Urshanabi to take Gilgamesh to be cleaned, then send him back to where he came from. But before Gilgamesh could leave, Utnapishtim told him of a plant underwater that would restore a mans youth. Gilgamesh then left to find this marvelous plant before he headed home. He found it and brought it with him. Urshanabi and Gilgamesh traveled a long ways before stopping for the night. While stopped, Gilgamesh went to go bathe in a well. But, deep in that well there was a serpent. It rose out of the water and snatched it/ away, and immediately it sloughed its/ skin and returned to the well. Gilgamesh is left with nothing. The serpent was a symbol of a woman, and now Gilgamesh see that he can not have the power to bear everlasting life.In short, Gilgamesh ends up dying, like all men must do. He learned that there is no immortal life for men and that women are still the only immortals because of re production. .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329 , .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329 .postImageUrl , .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329 , .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329:hover , .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329:visited , .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329:active { border:0!important; } .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329:active , .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329 .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7257e3314fa182e55d396be5cc97a329:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: The glass managerie Essay

Justification for the title, There are no children here

As depicted in the book, the Alex Kotlowitz describes the living conditions of the poor people in Chicago city as substandard for human survival. This can be explained by the several instances in which he puts the main characters in the story, LaJoe River and her two sons, Pharaoh River and Lafeyette River. These instances justify the title of the book as indicated below.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Justification for the title, ‘There are no children here’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The author also says that, the mortality rate was in Chicago city in the 1950s was lower than the rate at which new born babies were dying (Alex, 1992, p.12). He continues to say that children were exposed to insecurities and that there was no trust among people not to mention one’s neighbors. He depicts Lafeyette to act acted like an adult all through his life. He was bossy when around his siblings and h ad the same anger as his mother. (Alex, 1992, p.14). This was just a perfect indicator that the city did not have children as the book is titled. Everyone in city sought for ways to survive despite the hard conditions. Due to the tough conditions, even the youngest children had to find schemes to protect themselves from the other ‘tough’ and ‘harsh’ children. According to the book, Lajoe and other women were helplessly watching their children grow old though so quickly. This is because of the problems that they were facing (Alex, 1992, p.16). LaJoe grew up in dark tunnels that cut through a building. This is what their home use to look like. The real meaning of a home was minimal to her because as children, they were left exposed to cold and other dangers of the night. The children clothed themselves with green leaves and other unfit clothes despite the harsh environment and scorching sun. The author describes the harshness of the environment to also inclu de gun shots that were quit scaring to the children while playing on corridors. The children were always at risk even when enjoying a better and natural atmosphere outside their ‘home’ (Alex, 1992, p.9). The author also says that Madison Street was crowned with ‘grandmothers’ nurturing their kids and grand children. The women were actually not of age to be grandmothers but the adverse effects of the sever challenges they had encountered in their early life dictated they wear out (Alex, 1992, p.10).This is an indicator that ‘there were no children in the city’, as the author names the book. More so, from the story, Chicago city had three main black street gangs. These include: the Vice Lords, El Rukns and Disciples. According to the author, they started in their early lives. Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is also a justification f or the title of the book (Alex, 1992, p.10). Pharaoh at the age of nine would even write a letter to his uncle telling him how much he love him (Alex, 1992, p.10).He was actually no child. Other possible titles would be: Life in Chicago city or Facing life bravely. This is because of the described situation in the story. U.S does not grant equal opportunity for people Contrary to as many may think, the U.S does not provide equal opportunity for all. The book, ‘There are no children here’ perfectly shows this. This is because of the problems that most of its citizens go through in real life. Ideologically, one may think that opportunities are equal for all in U.S but the author shows it different. According to Kotlowitz, when the Congress came up with a program to build houses for the poor in 1959, white politicians resisted the move and fought against the efforts to have publicly financed house. This brought a lot of conflicts in Chicago. Other than building houses for the poor to compensate for the harsh conditions in the shanties, Chicago Housing Authority ended up building black ‘ghettos’. Better houses were concentrated in the urban regions. This is unequal distribution of resources on the merit of class. This is one factor that justifies that fact that U.S does not grant equal opportunities to all as many may think (Alex, 1992, p.10). When LaJoe, her siblings and parents moved to Henry Horner Homes, the situation seemed different although this did not last long. They landed into a good house and a spacious five bed- roomed house. This made LaJoe hope that her life would be different from the one in shacks and shanties in the South (Alex, 1992, p.10).But the situation suddenly changed when the Institute for Illinois technology was to be built. These houses were demolished to create room for the institution. Another indicator of unequal opportunities in the U.S is depicted by the unequal rights to life among the poor and the ric h. The poor lived in isolation and alienation as depicted the police shootings in the streets of Chicago (Alex, 1992, p.25).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Justification for the title, ‘There are no children here’ specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More According to the author, the government stopped painting Chicago’s slums houses (Alex, 1992, p.28). The White House and Chicago, as described in the story, show that there are unequal opportunities in U.S. At some point Lafeyette told LaJoe that he would one day have his own white house (Alex, 1992, p.99). The situations in these two locations as indicated by the author were two extremes. Houses in the Chicago black ‘Ghetto’ as described by the author were in bad shape as compared to urban dwellers. Urban dwellers’ houses had luxurious facilities like swimming pools and spacious rooms. The room in which LaJoe lived while in Chic ago was congested, dirty, unfurnished and infested with insects. They were hazardous for human living. This is not the condition that prevails in U.S’ rich homes. That is why Lafeyetee always wished to move out of Horner and occasionally blaming his mother for their devastations in the slums (Alex, 1992, p.100). The writer of the book also says that in the public residential houses, the hot line numbers were never answered by the police. The author creates a scenario of unequal opportunity in that the poor people in the slums did not receive some of government services like communication systems. The situation was worsened by the fact that communication systems in the houses were not in good condition. Unlike for the rich and those in authority who would be attended to immediately. The poor rarely felt the presence of government by the people and for the people (Alex, 1992, p.99). Meaning of poverty as indicated in ‘There are no children hear’ Poverty can have a dverse effects on anyone’s growth and it can transform an individual into unexpected characters and personalities in the society. Poverty is mainly fostered by interrelated factors that come from the society that one grow in, educational factors, cultural, economic and recreational facilities and the extent to which one accesses this factors. According to the author, LaJoe grew up knowing that there exist the term ‘banks but in her reality such a facility did not exist. There was no movie theatre where residents of the city would spend time in and temporarily escape the harsh realities that they were facing. He also says that there lacked library facilities (Alex, 1992, p.12). Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Scholarly, one can easily question the essence of having a library in a city where people have no money or do not even have enough for their stomachs. These are some of the challenges that residents wallowing in poverty face. He further says that a program, ‘Better Days for Youth’ that aimed at reinforcing the situation in Chicago would only accommodate twenty eight children for every session (Alex, 1992, p.12).According to the book, 1949 saw the Congress harnessing efforts to construct 810,000 low-rent housing for the poor. But another question that arises is the number of people that would afford to pay the required rents if in Chicago. This is because affording food in the shacks was a nightmare. This is also a sign of poverty (Alex, 1992, p.22). The buildings that Chicago Housing Authority built were of low quality and with inadequate communication facilities. There were no elevators on the storey buildings, and garbage lay all over. LaJoe had such awful memories of her early days. The level of insecurity in the city was worse. The author records that in 1975, an unknown person murdered LaJoe’s sister while in bath tub. When her oldest brother heard about the incident, he also got heart attack and died. This shows the poverty level in which LaJoe’s family was sailing through (Alex, 1992, p.24). Poverty is also displayed by the limited space between the blocks of the buildings in Chicago slums. There was no space for such facilities as basket ball pitches, a situation that promoted criminal activities among the city dwellers. This also increases the levels of police shootings in the city. Bullets would find one even in the corridors outside the house. Cleaning the room and furniture was the only way to destruct LaJoe (Alex, 1992, p.26). The room in which LaJoe lived was also so small to accommodate the nine of her family. The writer of the book says that when Pharaoh’s father was in, he could only sleep on the couches. Th is is also an indicator of poverty (Alex, 1992, p.25). Poverty makes people live in sub-standard humane conditions. LaJoe’s family faced so many challenges in the building they were living in. Insects and maggots feasted on the children (Alex, 1992, p. 27). There was no proper drainage system and limited water allocation system (Alex, 1992, p.28). Culturally, poverty in the book was depicted by the fact that LaJoe believed that since her parents had lived in the same poor conditions, then she was subject to live under similar challenges and so her children. Such believes limit individuals from maximizing their ability to have a prosperous life contrary to their background roots. Recommendation and conclusion If I had the power to change the life course of children’s life like Pharaoh and Lafeyette, I would ensure proper allocation of resources to those who live in the slums. Such resources would include having better houses, surrounding, drainage system, recreational f acilities and also bringing educational facilities close to them. They would not have to pay for their education; rather I would ensure free education system is in place so as to accommodate those who have financial problems in education programs. More so, is to create employment opportunities for the jobless in order to reduce criminal cases. Reference Alex, K. (1992). There are no children here. New York: Anchor books. This essay on Justification for the title, ‘There are no children here’ was written and submitted by user Elias Carr to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens

5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens 5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens 5 Examples of Extraneous Hyphens By Mark Nichol Hyphens are helpful little things that aid in reader comprehension. Although confusion is not at great risk in phrases like â€Å"sharp-dressed man† (though the omission of the hyphen suggests that the passage literally refers to a dressed man who is sharp) others, such as â€Å"small-business owner,† can at the very least conjure distracting imagery if they omit the hyphen. And such hyphenated word strings as â€Å"song-and-dance man† and â€Å"customer-relationship-management software† help keep the reader focused, though judiciously relaxing a phrase is often a welcome solution: The former phrase isn’t exhausting to read, but how about â€Å"software for customer-relationship management† in lieu of the latter? On the other hand, sins of commission regarding hyphenation are as endemic as those of omission. Here are examples of superfluous usage: 1. â€Å"Mergers and acquisitions ground to a near-halt in 2001.† â€Å"Near-halt† and its cousins â€Å"near-disaster† and â€Å"near-miss† are results of a misunderstanding: When near modifies another adjective, it should be hyphenated to its teammate (â€Å"near-fatal accident†), but a hyphen serves no use in linking near in isolation directly to a noun. 2. â€Å"The recently-launched firm survived by limiting itself to modestly-scaled projects.† Adverbs ending in -ly never are never hyphenated, though suffix-free adverbs are: â€Å"longer-lasting freshness.† 3. â€Å"The mostly flat paved trail is an inline-skater’s dream.† There was a time when compound nouns that are now open or closed, such as â€Å"income tax† or â€Å"taskmaster,† were likely to be hyphenated. That usage, however, is now considered archaic (with some puzzling exceptions such as mind-set and life-form). Safely assume that just about any such linkage you see is incorrect though, to be safe, I offer the inverse of a piece of all-purpose advice: Distrust, but verify. 4. â€Å"She realized that the police department was less-than-dedicated to assisting her.† Step back and ponder what benefit of comprehension accrues from creating the wagon train of â€Å"less-than-dedicated,† then excise the offending hyphens. 5. â€Å"The starting center is seven-feet tall.† The necessity of hyphenating physical dimensions in phrasal adjectives (â€Å"the seven-foot-tall center†) confuses many writers into believing that any phrasing having to do with size or weight or distance must be linked. â€Å"Seven-foot-tall center† is hyphenated so as not to suggest that the tall center has seven feet, but no such ambiguity attends â€Å"seven feet tall.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Punctuation category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Avoid Beginning a Sentence with â€Å"With†What is the Difference Between Metaphor and Simile?Prepositions to Die With

Tips for Learning French As an Adult

Tips for Learning French As an Adult Learning French as an adult is not the same thing as learning it as a child. Children pick up language intuitively, without having to be taught grammar, pronunciation, and vocabulary. When learning their first language, they have nothing to compare it to, and they can often learn a second language the same way. Adults, on the other hand, tend to learn a language by comparing it to their native language - learning about similarities and differences. Adults often want to know why something is said a certain way in the new language, and tend to be frustrated by the usual response thats just the way it is. On the other hand, adults have an important advantage in that they choose to learn a language for some reason (travel, work, family) and being interested in learning something is very helpful in ones ability to actually learn it. The bottom line is that it is not impossible for anyone to learn French, no matter what their age. Ive received emails from adults of all ages who are learning French- including a woman of 85. Its never too late! Here are some guidelines that can help you learn French as an adult. What and How to Learn Start Learning What You Actually Want and Need to KnowIf youre planning a trip to France, learn travel French (airport vocabulary, asking for help). On the other hand, if youre learning French because you want to be able to chat with the French woman who lives down the street, learn basic vocabulary (greetings, numbers) and how to talk about yourself and others- likes and dislikes, family, etc. Once youve learned the basics for your purpose, you can start learning French related to your knowledge and experiences- your job, your interests, and from there onto other aspects of French. Learn the Way  That Works Best for YouIf you find that learning grammar is useful, learn that way. If grammar just frustrates you, try a more conversational approach. If you find textbooks daunting, try a book for kids. Try making lists of vocabulary- if that helps you, great; if not, try another approach, like labeling everything in your house or making flash cards. Dont let anyone tell you that there is only one right way to learn.Repetition is KeyUnless you have a photographic memory, youre going to need to learn and practice things a few or even many times before you know them. You can repeat exercises, answer the same questions, listen to the same sound files until you feel comfortable with them. In particular, listening and repeating many times is very good- this will help you improve your listening comprehension, speaking skills, and accent all at once.Learn TogetherMany people find that learning with others helps keep them on track. Consider taking a class; hiring a private tutor; or learning along with your child, spouse, or friend. Daily LearningHow much can you really learn in an hour a week? Make a habit of spending at least 15-30 minutes a day learning and/or practicing.Above and BeyondRemember that language and culture go hand in hand. Learning French is more than just verbs and vocabulary; its also about the French people and their art, music, etc.- not to mention the cultures of other francophone countries around the world. Learning Dos and Donts Be RealisticI once had a student in an adult ed. class who thought he could learn French along with 6 other languages in one year. He had a terrible time during the first few  classes  and then dropped. The moral? He had unreasonable expectations, and when he found out that French was not going to magically flow out of his mouth, he gave up. If he had been realistic, committed himself to one language, and practiced regularly, he could have learned a lot.Have FunMake your French learning interesting. Instead of just studying the language with books, try reading, watching TV/movies, listening to music- whatever interests you and keeps you motivated.Reward YourselfThe first time you remember that difficult vocabulary word, treat yourself to a croissant and  cafà © au lait. When you remember to use the subjunctive correctly, take in a French film. When youre ready, take a trip to France and put your French to the real test.Have a GoalIf you get discouraged, remember why you want t o learn. That goal should help you concentrate and stay inspired. Track Your ProgressKeep a journal with dates and exercises to make notes about your progress:  Finally  understand  passà © composà © vs  imparfait! Remembered conjugations for  venir!  Then you can look back over these milestones when you feel like youre not getting anywhere.Dont Stress Over MistakesIts normal to make mistakes, and in the  beginning,  youre better off getting several sentences out in mediocre French than just two perfect words. If you ask someone to correct you all the time, you will get frustrated.  Learn about how to  overcome speaking anxiety.Dont Ask Why?There are lots of things about French that youre going to wonder about- why things are said a certain way, why you cant say something another way. When you first start learning is not the time to try to figure this out. As you learn French, you will start to understand some of them, and others you can ask about later.Dont Translate Word for WordFrench is not just English with different word s- it is a different language with its own rules, exceptions, and idiosyncracies. You must learn to understand and translate concepts and ideas rather than just words.Dont Overdo ItYoure not going to be  fluent  in a week, a month, or even a year (unless maybe if youre living in France). Learning French is a journey, just like life. There is no magical point where everything is perfect- you learn some, you forget some, you learn some more. Practice makes perfect, but practicing for four hours a day might be overkill.   Learn and Practice Practice What Youve LearnedUsing the French youve learned is the best way to remember it. Join the  Alliance franà §aise, put up a notice at your local college or community center to find people interested in a  French club, chat with French-speaking neighbors and shopkeepers, and, above all, go to France if at all possible.Listen PassivelyYou can get extra practice by listening to French during your commute (in the car, on the bus or train) as well as while walking, jogging, biking, cooking, and cleaning.Vary Your Practice MethodsYou will almost certainly get bored if you just do grammar drills every day. You might try grammar drills on Monday,  vocabulary work  on Tuesday, listening exercises on Wednesday, etc.Act FrenchSome people find it useful to use an exaggerated accent ( la  Pà ©pà © le  pou  or Maurice Chevalier) to help them get into their studies more. Others find a glass of wine loosens their tongue and helps gets them into the French mood.Daily FrenchPra cticing every day is the single most important thing you can do to improve your French. There are numerous ways to  practice every day.

Participation and Discussion Questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Participation and Discussion Questions - Essay Example A specific ethical challenge an accountant could be confronted with is encountering a client that wants to underestimate the net income in order to lower his tax obligations. Accountants are not supposed to accommodate these types of requests from clients because it violates the code of ethics of the accounting profession as well as the generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). Another ethical concern in regards to financial performance is payroll policies. Companies can decrease their labor costs by paying below market value to its employees, but such a practice can be counterproductive because personnel will be persuaded to leave the company and work for a competitor that pays better. 2. Discussion questions The Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 helped improved many aspects of the accounting profession that had ethical implications. For instance Section 404 of SOX deals with internal controls. These internal controls can be used to detect misappropriations and fraud. The Act increa sed the accountability of the profession. CEOs are now responsible for the accuracy of the financial statements. If fraud is detected the Sarbanes Oxley Act created capital punishment penalties of up to 25 years in prison. Sarbanes Oxley positive impacted Wall Street because it increased the customer confidence in the stock market. SOX helped safeguard the assets of a company. The Sarbanes Oxley Act also created auditor independence. The Enron scandal showed that how collusion can occur between and auditors and the managers when auditor independence does not exists. There things that could be done to improve the efficiency of the SOX law. Currently it is costing public companies over $1 million for compliance costs. The Sarbanes Oxley Act should be revised to eliminate the waste or inefficient processes that are causing compliance cost to escalate in the United States of America. Agency problems were reduced in companies that are complying in the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002. 3. Parti cipation - Gigi I agree with you to a certain extend that the use of cameras can be perceived as a breach of privacy, but in reality business are protected by the law because they have to right to monitor the work of its employees. A grey area in the practice is the usage of hidden cameras. The employee should know if they are being recorded by video. It is my opinion that hidden cameras without the knowledge of the employee that they are been recorded is unethical and could be violating civil rights, but I am not a lawyer. If anybody knows the answer to this please continue the discussion going. 4. Participation – David Accounting is a profession that functions well when the accounting staff has high moral and ethical standards. There have been rotten apples in the corporate world that have caused major accounting scandals such as WorldCom, Tyco, and Enron, but the majority of accountants are very honest people. All accountants know they have to comply with the generally acc epted accounting principles (GAAP). A lot of people don’t realize that accounting is a precise science that when prepared following GAAP will always give the same results. Currently the NBA and the players are on a lockout. To me it is sad that the players are claiming that the accounting losses of $300 million that the league suffered are not true considering the fact that a CPA certified those numbers. 5. Participation - Taneda I agree with you that ethics is extremely important in the business

Women and the Right to Vote (the Suffragist Movement) Essay

Women and the Right to Vote (the Suffragist Movement) - Essay Example In the declaration, there were issues of the troubled women of America. They sought the right to own property, to keep their own wages, to ‘divorce, to gain custody of their children, to attend college, to vote and to serve in professions like theology, medicine and law’ (The Elizabeth Cady Station and Susan B. Antony Papers Project). However, the most noticeable demand was women’s suffrage. In fact, one can find a large number of reasons behind the struggle for suffrage. Even in the early part of the 19th century, there were a few female figures that fought for equal rights. A prominent figure was Frances Wright who came to the U.S from Scotland as early as in 1826. She conducted large number of lectures to make the society aware of the issue. Similarly, Ernestine Rose from Poland too was busy educating women about their rights. Also, there was Margaret Fuller who wrote the famous The Great Lawsuit: Man vs. Woman. However, the movement got its united form in the year 1848 when Gerrit Smith was nominated as the presidential candidate of Liberty Party. In fact, he was Elizabeth Cady’s first cousin. So, it was common for them to engage in discussion and debate over political matters. Thus, in the National Liberty Convention held at New York in the same year, Smith gave the movement a good beginning through his speech. He pointed out in his speech that women were not enfranchised in any nation of the world. He argued for the introduction of universal suffrage, and as a result of the speech, Lucretia Mott-a woman candidate- was nominated to the vice-president post for the first time in history. However, things were not so easy for women at that time because most of the male leaders and activists of anti-slavery movement disliked the presence of women in agitations. As a result, most males disliked the role of women activists who had been a vital part of the reform movements till then. However as McMillen reports, observing the evident dis content from the part of their male compatriots, people like Mott and Stanton decided to hold the Seneca Falls Convention; and the Convention was attended by important figures like Lucretia Mott, Mary Ann M’Clintock, and Elizabeth Cady Stanton (12). However, what marred the suffragist movement from the very beginning were the extreme internal differences in opinion and the lack of a strong leadership. After the 1848 convention, there was the even bigger National Women’s Rights Convention in the year 1950. In fact, this was organized by Lucy Stone in collaboration with various other early activists like Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis, Wendell Philips, William Lloyd Garrison, and Abby Kelley Foster. Though there were a large number of questions that remained unanswered ranging from whether to include males in the movement, who to lead the movement, what strategy to be adopted, and what solutions are to be sought, it was decided in total that the movement would work to ensu re women a position equal to men. The so-called meetings encouraged a large number of activists to join the movement. Some important figures who joined the movement in this way are Susan B. Anthony, Matilda Joslyn Gage, and ex-slave Sojourner Truth. In fact, the suffrage movement was not only the result of the desire to vote but was the result of the understanding of years and years of suppression of the weaker gender by both the State and the Church. This feeling is well-documented in the work by Matilda Joslyn Gage in the year 1881 named Preceding Causes. She points out that the so-called ‘subjection to the powers that be’ resulted in the suppression of free thought, annihilation of all those who

Superstitions in Countries Essay Example for Free

Superstitions in Countries Essay A superstition is a belief in something that is irrational, non-physical and does not follow the rules of science. It is often one action that leads to another without something directly linking the two. Superstition is often associated with luck. Different superstitions often came from beliefs, religions and cultures had in the past and long have been proven wrong. It is a mystery why people dont pay attention to facts and still believe in superstitions. In Serbia Its a good idea to spill some water behind a person whos going to a job interview, headed out on a journey, or about to attempt any sort of endeavor at all. The movement of waters said to symbolize fluidity and motion; just dont spill it on their pants, as that probably wont have the same effect on the interview. In Spain Instead of kissing someone when the clock strikes 12 on New Years Eve, you should eat 12 grapes in rapid succession. Not only does this ensure the coming yearll be a lucky one, it also gives you delicious grape breath (in case you decide to kiss someone after all). In Russia Carrying an empty bucket, or even seeing someone carry one, is a bad omen. This is likely due to the fact that Tsar Alexander II was assassinated by a man with empty buckets for hands. True story. In Turkey Its a commonly held local belief that chewing gum at night is akin to chowing down on the flesh of a dead person. A minty-fresh dead person. In Japan Stabbing chopsticks straight up into your bowl of ricell cause the whole  dinner table to murmur in disapproval, as this is generally only done during funeral ceremonies. Passing food from chopstick to chopstick is a no-no for much the same reason: at funerals, family members pass the bones of the dead person with chopsticks. In South Korea Going to sleep with a fan on in an enclosed space can straight up kill you. This unfounded belief is so prevalent that electric fans are often sold with timers, to prevent accidental death due to suffocation, somehow? In India A solar eclipse pretty much means everybodys staying indoors for the duration. Just about everythings put in hibernation mode from road traffic to the stock market due to the widespread belief the suns rays are toxic during the celestial event. Some also believe that burying a sick child up to their neck during an eclipse can cure them of their ailment because science. In Afghanistan The number 39 is linked (inexplicably) to prostitution, and anyone whose phone number or license plate ends with 39 is a social pariah. People whore 39 years old often say theyre one less than 40 just to avoid the embarrassment.

Causes and Effects of the Persian Gulf War Essay -- Operation Desert S

Causes and Effects of the Persian Gulf War The Persian Gulf War, often referred to as Operation Desert Storm, was perhaps one of the most successful war campaigns in the history of warfare. Saddam Hussein, leader of Iraq, invaded Kuwait in 1990. In 1991, after weeks of air strikes, US ground forces entered Iraq and Kuwait and eliminated Iraqi presence in 60 hours. Why Would Iraq invade Kuwait? Kuwait supplies much of the world’s oil supplies, and when Hussein invaded Kuwait, he controlled 24% of the world’s oil supplies (O’Hara). Though this is a good reason, it is not the only one. Iraq’s real excuse for annexing Kuwait was that he believed that Kuwait was producing more oil than it was supposed to, taking out of Iraq’s profits. Also, Iraq was $80 billion in debt to Kuwait, and Iraq thought that the debt should be forgiven (Brown). After Iraq attacked Kuwait, the United States and other countries feared that Saudi Arabia would be next and that the world’s oil supply was in jeopardy. This was the spark that leads to the Persian Gulf War. There was also controversy with Iraq even before the invasion of Kuwait. Iraq was suspected of developing chemical weapons. The United Nations had often asked to check their weapons supplies to prevent Iraq from gaining great military power. When Iraq refused to let the UN inspectors into the country, suspicion was raised. One final thing that began the Persian Gulf War was Iraq’s development of the SCUD Missile. Though n...

Improving Classroom Behavior and Social Skills Essay

Improving classroom behavior and social skills is pertaining to an over-all impact on the child’s learning abilities. This strategy is particularly aimed when there are students who have disabilities. The teacher directly affects children’s appropriateness and inappropriateness and the classroom set up. It is a must to gauge the structure and reliability of daily activities and the rules of conduct set by teachers in assessing classroom variables. Proactive measures or guidelines have been established in sustaining an atmosphere of positive learning and appropriate behavior for children free or with disabilities. â€Å"Interventions delivered in a regular classroom have the greatest potential to enhance prosocial competencies by altering the classroom social system to support all students, including rejected and isolated students, students with disabilities, and low-performing students, all of whom are at risk for social difficulties† (Rathvon, 2008, p. 321). The Council for Exceptional Children has founded the eight behavioral management measures: Arrange classroom to meet social/emotional needs as well as instructional and organizational needs; adjust schedules to provide a balance between highly structured periods and more stimulating activities; establish a group behavior management plan that incorporates individual needs; Provide direct instruction, programmed learning, and precision teaching lessons; provide group-building opportunities that move students from an â€Å"I† to a â€Å"We† orientation; be aware of how individual needs affect group dynamics; attend to students’ physiological as well as psychological needs; much of the acting out behavior reflects a need for power or attention; and attempt to give as little emotional response as possible to inappropriate behavior (Council for Exceptional Children 2006-2007). The classroom, consists of twenty students, four of them have impairments, is organized but still conducive for playful learning. I have observed the following routines: drawing time, playtime with materials (e.g clay), reading time with teacher and a short recitation after that. These routines are very functional since they don’t only learn skills like creativity and imagination, they also get to mingle and interact with fellow students and unconsciously learn and brainstorm their thoughts and ideas. The four most challenging behaviors during my observation are inability to focus or display of inadequacy, petty fights between pupils, some inappropriate behaviors like noise, which is unavoidable at their age, and loitering around the classroom. The teacher has handled everything with grace. Yelling was never an alternative for her. Though her voice was not as soothing as it should be, she managed to pull out superiority in the softest possible way. She also gives rewards when pupils get satisfactory remarks and this is one of the best strategies at this stage of learning. Noise is one of the most challenging behaviors she had to face. Since children at this stage are very hard to control, judgment can never be made in accordance. But overall, her behavioral techniques and strategies are effective. The students had used the typical verbal and non verbal expressions most of us do. Nodding of head and hand gestures as non verbal communications and answering by yes or no and brief explanation during recitation as verbal. When the teacher says something that they totally agree on, students tend to nod their head repetitively and it goes as well by saying yes or no when the teacher asks them. As preschoolers, their thoughts are not yet firmly constructed. I would prioritize using a soothing tone of voice as a behavioral management technique. This is one of the most significant techniques the teacher overlooked. Reassurances or giving out positive comments is also an important way of appreciating the students’ works. However, criticisms should be given constructively and not degradingly. Well organization of classroom, like cleanliness and things properly placed on their shelves, should also be observed all the time for safety policies. Rewards and punishment is a very effective behavioral management. When a student gets a remark higher than the average, the teacher gives rewards, otherwise, punishment is given. But most of the times, punishment are just given in forms of assignments or projects. References Kelley, M. K., Noell, G., & Reitman, D. (2003). Practitioners Guide to empirically based   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   measures of school behaviour. 18, Rathvon, R. (Ed.) (2008). Effective School Interventions. Guilford Press. Council for Exceptional Children. 2006-2007.

Effects of Media Mass Worksheet Essay

What were the major developments in the evolution of mass media during the 20th century?Communication to the public in the past has evolved through the 20th century through several stages as stated on the table chart shown on page 27 of Chapter 1 – Mass Media. It shows the evolution of mass media through different communication stages. Starting with oral/manuscript, to print and electronic and currently electronically to digitally. These different variances also determined which general public was being reached, the information that was being sent out and the amount of time to receive the information. Today in the 20th century, media can be reached be the masses, people can access the news and media through their televisions, internet, cell phones, social media networks and still newspapers. With the recent turn to the digital age of media coverage you are able to reach wide range of viewers and they are able to access up to date news and important information in a second. This tool can be helpful in emergency situations but can also cause may conflicts in opinions and misleading information. With the digital age and social networks, it allows everyone access to speak their mind, not being just a news-anchor or report from the past and present. There are many social and blogging sites that allow you to voice anything you wish. Allowing someone to rant or rave, demonstrate fact or fiction all at their finger- tips. Although this can be accessed immediately, some information may be basis or misleading, so the general public still will need to take caution when reading news and updates. How did each development influence American culture?During each stage change through the 20th century, it had also changed the taste and preferences of  the general public. Now with access to a wide range of media outlets and networks, common everyday people were turning into overnight celebrities and reality stars. The general public was able to access other prospects, parodies, and creative media outlets rather than just the few the public was limited to in the past. With the media at your fingertips it is hard to not communicate every chance you get. Checking email, having a cell phone that you can make telephone calls while traveling to help keep in touch with family also helps. This feature helped keep families closer and as a nation a tighter community to all events, rather than having to wait days or even months to receive important information. As through each development the cultures changed as described and pictured on Figure 1.2 – Culture as a Skyscraper. Going from the elite and selected few now there are many new forms of expression that can be found online through the internet. I do agree with the diagram and do see how the general public tastes have changed and even lowered, but living in the United States of America, has given each individual the right to freedom of speech and lucky for them others like what they have to say or do, which through blogging, tweeting or Facebook posts can help with popularity and a growing sensation.

MGT 550 ch4 Essay

MGT 550 ch4 Essay MGT 550 ch4 Essay In chapter 4, Friedman examines the blurring boundaries between companies and workers, relationships between communities, and the businesses that operate within them. He gives multiple examples how individuals and small companies are empowered to compete with large ones, such that identities become harder to define. The traditional roles of consumer, employee, citizen, taxpayer and shareholder have become blurred and intertwined. The Great Sorting Out is a concept portrayed by Friedman in chapter four and basically what it means is the collaboration of all ten flatteners as well as the Triple convergence to create a more flattened, horizontal and frictionless world. Friedman discusses the goal of the great sorting out but saying that its purpose is to eliminate the inefficiencies in the global market, however there are both pros and cons to this process. The great sorting out will create even more convergence for the world and will flatten the world by creating a global platform integrating information which is accessible to anyone with an internet connection. However there are some drawbacks that follow with the great sorting out. For example Friedman states, † Some obstacles to a frictionless global market are truly sources of waste and lost opportunities. But some of these inefficiencies are institutions, habits, cultures, and traditions that people cherish precisely because they reflect nonmarket va lues like social cohesion, religious faith, and national pride. If global markets and new communications technologies flatten those differences we may lose something important.† As I read this I derived the thought from Friedmans words that removing as much friction in the global market and removing as many inefficiencies in the world as possible is important but there are certain â€Å"inefficiencies† that will always remain important to the common people for purposes other than the global market. Simply put removing these inefficiencies that the common people hold dear to themselves and each other may have a negative effect on themselves and the communities that exist and will feel the drawbacks from the great sorting out. These frictions that exist amongst the common people such as religion and personal opinion and individuality feed the morality in common people and society and only support another one of Friedman’s thoughts as he says â€Å"Some Frictions a re worth protecting, even in the face of a global economy that threatens to

How to Study for a Test the Night Before

How to Study for a Test the Night Before Youve procrastinated for who knows how long, and youre arriving at the point where, if you dont start studying now, youll go into the test with a head devoid of information. You probably know this already, but this happens to everyone. As long as you dont make a habit out of it, youre fine. Youll have a chance to reflect on what you did and why it was bad later on, now lets focus on getting you through the test with a passing grade. Get Your Space Ready If you can, go to a public space. Even though its been well-documented in the Internet that people can fall asleep pretty much anywhere, you should make sleeping an unappealing option by placing yourself as far away as possible from your bed. If you cant go to a cafe or library, make sure you make yourself as uncomfortable as possible to stave off sleep. Dont wear sweatpants, dont sit in a chair you can lay in, and stay as far away from pillows as possible. Clean your desk and use it. Get everything ready, including but not limited to: textbooks, notes, writing utensils, something to drink and something to snack on. Ideally, youll be sitting at this desk without getting up for awhile, so try and prepare everything beforehand. 50/10 You have to strike a balance between breaks and working, so set a timer for 50 minutes, and dont lift your head from that textbook before its up. As soon as times up, get up and move! Go to the bathroom, make some tea or just walk around for a bit to give yourself some energy. If youre using a computer, dont go on Facebook, Twitter or wherever else you prefer to waste time online. Youll no doubt end up in a content vortex and wont come out until an hour later. Theres no time to waste right now, so if youre using anything with a screen to study, just leave it for the duration of the break. Be Efficient When you have limited time to study, you cant afford to read all the chapters in-depth. If you encounter some information that you cant parse on your first read through and its not absolutely vital, it might be best to just move on. A lot of this process is basically going to be throwing information into your head, and hoping it sticks. Dont use a highlighter. All the highly relevant information is probably going to be bolded or highlighted in another way in your textbook. Highlighting is for when you need to find stuff in a wall of text for later use, and with the time constraints that youre under at most what you can hope is one thorough reading of the text. Yeah, it seems like some vague attempt at doing what students who dont need to cram do, but highlighters are not magical. After you finish each chapter, get a piece of paper and write down all the information that you think you will need when taking the test, in bullet point form, with headings and subheadings. This will do wonders for what information you retain, and youll quickly see what parts of the chapter youll need to revise to cover the gaps – if you have the time to do that, that is. Try these helpful memory improvement tecniques to memorize better! Go to Bed After youve done all your reading, drink a glass of water and head off for some sleep. Youll need at least a power nap before the exam, since coming in with your brain fried from all the information youve been cramming into it wont do any good. After waking up and getting ready, read through your notes. If you read the textbook, the stuff youve written down should bring up related information. See? Results! After its all over, take a look at how you got yourself in this situation. If you routinely have to cram for exams the night before, then its time to think about how you can reverse the habit. Resolve to always be on top of your reading and never turn in your homework late. Staying up all night to get a passing grade is a huge toll, and, in any case, barely passing every test you have shouldnt be the way you spend your time in college.

PEST Analysis of Nike Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

PEST Analysis of Nike - Term Paper Example Political Analysis The US government has sought to create economical policies that are essential to foster the growth and development of business that either are situated or have their headquarters in the United States. Nike is a major beneficiary of these policies that have been implemented by the US government. In order to support the Nike brand, the US government has established fundamental measures that include low interest rates, an international competitive aspect of the tax system, stable economic environment, and vital economical resources for the benefit of the company. This has demonstrated to be a factor in the development of Nike. 1(Thottam, "A New Push against Sweatshops") The nature of the political situation in various countries is a vital factor that has played a part in the growth of Nike into a multinational company. The organization has expanded to China, which boasts of a highly stable government and political environment. It has proven to be a vital factor that h as motivated the US Company to establish a plant in the country to reach a larger audience, especially in the eastern region of the world. Political stability in a country is critical in terms of establishing a solid platform for business growth in a region. A lack of political stability will generate uncertainty regarding a business’ future and hence a company will not seek to develop in a country posing political uncertainty. Economic Analysis The biggest problem that serves to affect the level of a company’s business is recession. When the latter occurred, Nike was adversely affected thus reducing its growth. With the US economy facing a down turn, it has resulted to reduction in consumer purchases. Consequently, this has affected the sales volume for the company. Nevertheless, Nike being a multinational company is able to rely on sales from other regions, particularly Africa, which was not as much affected by the recession 2(Stepp, "Nike is Right"). The main proble m with the case of the recession is that it affected other regions such as Asia and Europe. Nike has a high volume of sales in Asia and Europe, in comparison to Africa. The fact that Asia has a high population density and Europe has popular sports brands, the sales level was adversely affected. Nike was among the companies that suffered from this recession. The recession limited the growth of the company, and may have resulted in the company having to close a number of stores in various regions to avoid continuous loses. Aspects such as labor costs and materials for production were increasing, which meant that Nike was constantly in the red (recording losses). If the situation continues with the weakening of the Euro and the Asian currencies, Nike may be in a recession as well based on shrinking growth, and Africa may not be the ideal solution in maintaining company sales (until Africa is eventually affected by the Recession). Society Analysis The general trend in society is the con cern on health. The major stereotype in the United States is the fact that there are an increasing number of obese individuals. This has led to the increase in individuals joining fitness clubs. Nike can seek to capitalize on this factor by selling merchandise that is essential to those seeking to join fitness clubs. Shoes, overalls and accessories such as water bottles

Pros and Cons of Situational Leadership Theory Essay

Pros and Cons of Situational Leadership Theory - Essay Example The strengths of situational leadership theory are its current use in many organizations, practicality, and prescriptive approach. Situational leadership theory is appealing to many leadership/management practitioners because it is seen as common sense for leaders to be flexible and adaptable to different situational variables, especially the conditions and characteristics of their subordinates and workplaces (Schedlitzki & Edwards, 2014, p.53). In addition, this theory is practical because it can be easily explained and understood, it is intuitive, and it can be applied across diverse settings (Northouse, 2013, p.105). Moreover, this theory is also prescriptive, where it is clear on what leaders and subordinates should do and should not do (Northouse, 2013, p.105). Its guidelines are valuable in guiding situational leadership. Besides strengths, situational leadership theory has its weaknesses, namely its over-simplified description of the relationship between leader behaviors and situational variables and lack of empirical research that can support assumptions and propositions. Scholars criticize the vagueness of the relationship between leader behaviors and situational variables, specifically the lack of explanation of variations for each leadership behavior category and how they can impact situational factors (Northouse, 2013, p.107; Schedlitzki & Edwards, 2014, p.54). Furthermore, this theory lacks empirical support for its assumptions and prescriptions. There is lack of empirical testing on the theoretical basis of the theory and how it can affect performance variables and outcomes (Northouse, 2013, p.107; Schedlitzki & Edwards, 2014, p.54). Situational leadership theory is a practical, simple, and prescriptive theory that appeals to practitioners and trainers alike. However, it lacks further explanation of the

Calculate the bounce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Calculate the bounce - Essay Example There are 49 employees, with a total monthly payroll output of  £101,400. Each employee, on average, earns  £2069 monthly or  £24,828 yearly. However, bonus amount should be based on profit figures. Employees are used to receiving  £70,000 in commissions, therefore bonus should be more equal to this figure in which they have become accustomed in order to improve motivation and performance incentives. Analysis methodology should consider current objectives, such as whether the business is looking to invest or, perhaps, expand the company which will require additional expenditures. Questions should be asked such as whether owners’ equity, for the investor stakeholder, should be considered prior to paying a bonus. There is one important factor to consider: In 2008, the company agreed to  £16.5 million in goods in exchange for 50 percent of the company, giving the business these goods for a period of one year. This agreement raised inventory assets in the company, which only improves its position for growth or perhaps access to new credit. The current global accounting standards would identify these goods or perhaps depreciate their value over time, however its rising liquidity from the goods exchange makes the company stronger at the accounting level. Therefore, bonus should not be reduced as current profit levels remain unchanged even with the new 50/50 ownership. The goods received are still part of the company’s inventory. Profit in 2009 was  £7.72 million. There was no cash balance from 2008 to consider as profit was used to expand sales for 2009. With this in mind, if the company divided the entire profit among the 49 employees, it would be calculated as: However, this is far outside of industry norms and equates to more than the employees are used to receiving with their sales commission and would not add to the business’ cash balance, which is strategically

Halliday And Hasans Cohesion In English English Language Essay

Halliday And Hasans Cohesion In English English Language Essay A relatively neglected aspect of the linguistic system is its resources for text construction, the range of meanings that are specifically associated with relating what being said. The principal component of these resources is that of cohesion. Through the last four decades, studies have been conducted by linguists to explain and examine cohesive features. The major work that influenced these studies is the one conducted by Halliday and Hasan (1976) on their book Cohesion in English. This paper attempts to explore Cohesion in Englishs content, highlight its influence on English language teaching, and investigate its impact on developing further works on cohesion. The concept of cohesion, according to Halliday and Hasan (1976), is a semantic one. It deals with the relations of meaning within any text. It occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another and, thus, a relation of cohesion is set up. The one presupposes the other, and cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. The two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are integrated into a text. As an example to illustrate the concept of cohesion, the old piece of schoolboy humour time flies, gives no indication of not being a complete text and in fact it usually is, and the humour lies in the misinterpretation that is required if there is a following sentence is to be satisfied. Halliday and Hasans interpretation of cohesion is further elaborated by approaching the notion of a cohesive tie. This is a term that is thought to be needed to refer to an occurrence of a pair of cohesively linked items. It is argued that the concept of a tie makes it possible to analyse any text in terms of its cohesive characteristics and gives a systemic account of its patterns of texture. In English, there are two ways by which cohesive ties are created: lexical and grammatical cohesion (Halliday and Hasan, 1976) and each of these ties has been explained and examined thoroughly by applied linguists in attempt to provide effective way of mastering these ties by English language learners. Lexical cohesion is simply interpreted by Halliday and Hasan (1976:274) as the cohesive effect achieved by the selection of vocabulary. It involves meaningful connections in text that are created through the use of lexical items and that do not intrinsically involve grammatical cohesive ties (Bloor, 2004). The two main categories linked with lexical cohesion are collocation and reiteration. Collocation covers two or more words which can be said to go together in the sense of frequency of occurrence (Bloor, 2004). Learners recognition of collocational ties depends in large measures on the amount of his or her reading or listening. The teacher should therefore, encourage learners to read more and provide a motivational environment in which learners are exposed to lexical collocations. Of the category of lexical reiteration, educators locate difficulty for students of forming a mental picture of the meaning of general nouns, and the fact that they cohere not with a single word but with a wider stretch of meaning. Many researchers have investigated the importance of teaching lexical cohesion in the language classroom. McGee (2008), for example, suggests that collocation errors are pervasive in student attempts to vary their lexis. As much as possible collocation knowledge must be developed alongside reiteration skill development. Collocation dictionaries or corpus data can be used by teachers to help give students the most typical or strongest collocates of important words. Cox, Shanahan, and Sulzby (1990: 60) argue that exposure to contrived texts has a negative effect on the development of a learners use of lexical cohesive ties in writing. They advise teachers not to over-simplify texts for their students as they believe that edited texts are not rich in their lexical cohesive ties. Grammatical cohesion, on the other hand, refers to the structural content, and it is categorised into four main cohesive ties: reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction. Reference is considered as a cohesive tie when two or more expressions in the text refer to the same person, thing or idea (Bloor, 2004:93). In relation to the main types of reference, Halliday and Hasan (1976) contrast between exophora and endophora, and suggest that exophoric reference is situational and the endophoric reference is textual. Though both exophoric and endophoric reference embody an instruction to retrieve from elsewhere the information necessary for interpreting a text, exophoric reference must be made to the context of situation whereas endophoric reference is realised by the position of the expressions in the text. Depending on these positions, one can speak of anaphoric and cataphoric reference. If an expression refers to a preceding expression/utterance, it is a case of anaphoric referenc e. Cataphoric reference refers to the following utterances or their parts (see Figure 1 below). Figure 1 , (Cited in Halliday and Hasan, 1976:33) Substitution, in contrary to the reference, is a relation in syntax rather than meaning. It is a grammatical relation used to avoid unnecessary and intrusive repetition of a lexical item by drawing on the grammatical recourses of the language to replace the item (Bloor, 2004). For example, in the conversation, Which ice-cream would you like? I would like the pink one , the word one is used instead of repeating ice-cream. There are three types of substitution in English: nominal (one, ones, the same), verbal (do/did) and clausal (so, not) substitution. Ellipsis is another kind of substitution but in this case a lexical item is substituted by zero. That is to say, rather being substituted in order to avoid unnecessary and intrusive repetition, an item is left unsaid. For example, the word Dormouse is elided after two: There was a table set out under a tree in front of the house, and the March Hare and the Hatter were having tea at it: a Dormouse was sitting between them, fast asleep, and the other two were using it as a cushion, resting their elbows on it, and talking over its head. Halliday and Hasan (1976) lists three types of ellipsis: nominal, the omission of head nouns in a nominal group; verbal, an ellipsis within the verbal group; and clausal, the omission of a clause. The notion of ellipsis has influenced English language teachers to draw on learners short-term memory and help them recognise when ellipsis has occurred in a certain text. The fourth and final type of cohesive ties is that of conjunction. It refers broadly to the combining of any two textual elements into a potentially coherent complex semantic unit (Thompson, 2004). Though the conjunctive elements (for example, then, for this reason, on the other hand) are used to describe the relationship between clauses and sections in the text, Halliday and Hasan (1976:226) suggest that they are not principally devices for reaching out into the preceding (or following) text, but they express certain meanings which presuppose the presence of other components in the discourse. They argue that in describing conjunction a cohesive device, the attention should not be on the semantic relations between the clauses linked by the conjuncts, rather on the conjunctive devices themselves and the function they have of relating to each other linguistic elements. Educational experts, however, attempt to refer to the notion of conjunction in accordance with what suits the English language learner to better achieve the mastery of this cohesive device. Zamil (1983), for example, suggests that rather than the typical textbook approach of presenting lists of conjuncts categorized according to meaning, it would be more effective to begin by classifying linking devices according to their grammatical functions. In other words, coordinating conjunctions (e.g. and, or, but), subordinating conjunctions (e.g. because, although, if), and conjunctive adverbs (e.g. on the other hand, nevertheless) should all be introduced separately. In this way, students could learn how each type of marker works within the sentence and between sentences. Applied linguists have devoted many studies on how learners perceive and produce cohesive structures, and Halliday and Hasans work on cohesion triggers investigations on learners difficulties in recognising cohesive ties in both first and second language learning. Garrod and Sanford (1977b), for example, in experiments with adult L1 subjects, show that the time taken to read a sentence containing the second half of a lexically-conjoined tie is largely determined by the semantic distance between the two halves of the tie. In other words, all other content remaining constant, a pair of sentences containing a superordinate/subordinate lexical tie will take longer to read than a pair containing lexical tie involving repetition. Chapman and stokes (1980) research on the mastery of cohesive ties by L1 British children gives evidence that those children who are beginning to read fluently have the ability to perceive the cohesive factors and are thus able to integrate the text semantically, for they are constructing a meaningful whole as they read. In L2 situation, Cohen (1979) investigated university students reading of English texts in four complementary studies and all four of the studies revealed that learners were not picking up the conjunctive words signalling cohesion, not even the more basic ones like however and thus. Further, Pierce (1975) and Ewer (1980) both comment on the difficulties posed by the conjuncts and discourse markers, and advise that much more attention should be given to this category of tie in teaching reading. The work of Halliday and Hasan (1976) still provides the fullest account of cohesive ties in English (Bloor, 2004). However, there are several scholars who have developed Halliday and Hasans account to investigate deeply into the area. Hoey (1983, 1991), for example, investigates how cohesive features combine to organise long stretches of text. He approaches cohesion as related to some patterns of rhetorical organisation. A special attention on his work is given on cohesive chains and the significance of repetition. His contributions include ideas on the role of the sentence, which he suggests may be a part grammatical, part textual phenomenon, a view that is compatible with much on literature on the topic (Bloor, 2004). Another example to the influence of Halliday and Hasans Cohesion in English, is the work by Mann and Thompson (1992) which gathers different analyses by twelve different linguists of the same text. It incorporates distinct views in approaching discourse and may vary the classifications of text analysis. A further investigation of Halliday and Hasans (1976) work is conducted by Halliday and Matthiessen (1999) who bring broader theoretical perspective the area of language cohesion. Their work sheds light on many factors that lack of space has forced us to neglect. Apart from praise and influential impact cohesion in English has gained, one might note that it is not without its critics. Doyle (1982) ,for example, points out that Halliday and Hasan limit themselves to a discussion of meaning as it appears in surface structure; questions of coherence, of the relationships among propositions in the textual world created by the writer and recreated by the reader, remain unexamined. He argues that the very restrictions which Halliday and Hasan themselves placed upon their study beg questions and forestall observations which seem ultimately more interesting to the study of coherence than the taxonomy which results. In their decision to restrict their study to surface evidence of cohesion beyond the sentence, Halliday and Hasan restrict the relationships which their descriptive system may show. To sum up, Halliday and Hasans (1976) work on cohesion appears to set out a framework for the analysis and coding of cohesion and, therefore, offers a new dimension for language educators to approach language semantics and structure in the language classroom. Applied linguists and language teachers have been influenced by Cohesion in English on designing grammar lessons and language tasks that address lexical and grammatical cohesive ties.

Politics and Political Sciences :: Political Governmental Essays

Politics and Political Sciences What is political science? It is the study of the mechanism that people employ for their protection, better known as a government. When looking up the word government in the dictionary the word authority is used repeatedly. To many people the type and extent of authority over them is very important. So, which is the best kind of government? Is it the monarch or the republic? It is important to look at the difference between monarchs and republics and how they came about. Monarchies are usually run by a king or queen. These rulers are heads of the government because of birth. Of course, not all monarchs are the same, some are more powerful than others. There are three kinds of monarchs limited, constitutional, and an absolute. The least powerful of the group is the limited monarch. They usually have no political power and are just a historical figure. The country is run by the prime minister. A good example of this is England. Queen Elizabeth makes public appearances and ceremonies. The truth is she has no decisions in political decisions. She can not make laws of or deal with any similar issue, but is still a very important part of England's tradition. There can be different titles in different countries. For example in Japan the Emperor is like the king or queen of England. The constitutional monarch has more powers than the limited monarch, but they are restricted. The countries constitution puts the king, queen, prime minister, and parliament below the law. They can make laws and policies or veto, however, parliament must give their consent. Some countries that are constitutional monarchs are Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. The final and most powerful monarchs are absolute monarchs. In these countries The king or queen have absolute control over the country. At one time all monarchs used to be absolute. The king or queen is the law, the Parliament can suggest ideas but he or she has the final say. Absolute powers today include Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, however, in these countries the head authority is called the Amir. The other form of government is a republic. In the dictionary it is that said that a republic is a form of government where the power is in the citizens who are allowed to elect their representation. However, it is better said, a country without a king or queen and is not a monarch because not all republics are the same.

Employment and Trade Unions Essay

Throughout the study I have tried with the best of my capacity to accommodate as much information and relevant issues as possible and tried to follow the instructions as you have suggested. I tried my best to make this report as much informative as possible. I sincerely believe that it will satisfy your requirements. I however sincerely believe that this report will serve the purpose of my course (Industrial Relation). I am grateful to you for your guidance and kind co-operation at every step of my endeavor on this report. My effort will be reworded only if it adds value to the research literature. Introduction One of the major functions of human resource management is to maintain smooth industrial relations (IR). It is also treated as one of the oldest functions of HRM. It is basically allied with the relations between the employer and the workers in the industry (Singh & Kumar, 2011: 3). According to Weeratunga (2003:5) â€Å"Industrial Relations or Labor Relations, the terms used interchangeably, can be viewed as the interaction between the various interested parties involved in employment. The employer and the employee are obvious parties. The state, in ensuring a level playing field for both sides, provides the legal framework within which such relations may take place†. In industrial relations, workers are generally represented by their trade unions formed under chapter 13 of Bangladesh Labor Act–2006 whereas employers are represented by their associations such as Bangladesh Employers Federation. HR managers mediate the relationships between workers and employers though they are appointed by the representatives of employers. Another related term is ‘Employee Relations’. Though both the terms industrial relations and employee relations are structurally similar (Decenzo& Robbins, 1999: 18), employee relations includes, in addition to industrial relations, such aspects as participative management, employee wellbeing, employee development, employee compensation, employee protection and health, and the like (Aswathappa, 2008:534). Generally industrial relations cover the areas such as trade unions, collective bargaining, settlement of industrial disputes, grievance handling procedure, role of government, labor laws, courts and tribunals and role of employers. In the context of developing countries, industrial relations has been influenced by features such as high exploitation of workers, low level of worker participation in decision making, government and political interferences, high rate of illiteracy of workers, low level of employment, low level of awareness among the laborers regarding rights, laws, and trade unionism, and low labor productivity (Khan &Taher, 2008: 222-23). Industrial relations plays an important role in establishing and maintaining industrial democracy (Monappa, 2004: 9) and it is the key to improve productivity in industrial enterprises (Aswathappa, 2004: 534). Human resource management can play vital roles in enhancing cooperative and friendly industrial relations. In Bangladesh, collective bargaining on pay between employer and workmen is prohibited in the public sector enterprises as the government designs uniform pay and benefits for the employees of all public sector enterprises (Mahmood, 2008). The limited scope of collective bargaining in the public sector of Bangladesh influences the trade unions to develop network with government, political parties and other powerful bodies in organizing their activities. It hinders effective interactions between the representatives of employers and workers at enterprise level. Though performance based pay is considered to have significant impact on employee performance (Dessler&Varkkey, 2010: 15), it is not at all practiced by the public sector enterprises in Bangladesh. As a result, public sector enterprises in Bangladesh have been incurring huge losses. On the other hand, all types of collective bargaining takes place at enterprise level in case of private sector enterprises (Khan, 1996). Mahmood (2008) mentioned that the industrial relations process in the private sector was often disturbed by links between private and public sector unions. Objectives: a) To explore the differences between public and private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to overall status of IR. b) To put forward policy implications of overall improvement in IR of Bangladesh. Industrial Relations Studies in Bangladesh Khan (1986) studied industrial relations in Bangladesh with special emphasis on trade unionism. †¦ Trade Unions Trade Union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, achieving higher pay, increasing the number of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions. An organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. – A group of employees in a particular sector, whose aim is to negotiate with employees over pay, job security, working hours, etc. using the collective power of the members. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is â€Å"maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment†. Causes of organizing trade unions Provision of benefits to members: professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership. Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals. Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favourable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties. Conditions of employment and any grievances — are settled through trade unions. Bargaining rights: Trade unions bargain and ensure the status, rights, wages and demands of workers of the modern world of industry. Contribution in economical growth: Trade unions are growing rapidly in an economy because of the expansion of business and economical growth. Objectives Trade unions are the only way to manage, compliant, and control the labour force. Lots of objectives are there to organize trade unions. . To defend or improve the wages and working conditions of workers and to bring about a change in the economic order. 2. To strengthen their (labour) bargaining power collectively to establish and achieve all their rights. 3. To dully protect all other interest of the workers . And from the management’s point of view the objectives as written: a) To reduce the number of negotiation. b) To specify work rules, disagreements and grievances to give the better solution to workers claim. c) To establish the efficient communication between the employers and management to enforce the predictable standards. ) To enhance the overall organizational effectiveness workers can also be sometimes inspired to form and organize trade union. In fact, objectives of a trade union are not defined; rather these are changing according to the need of the economy and overall industry. When these objectives are not settled then the rivals are started History of Trade Unions The Pakistan Period (1947-71) -The East Pakistan Trade Unions Act, 1965 was enacted repealing the Trade Unions Act, 1926. -The Labor Disputes Act, 1965 was enacted. -Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 was enacted integrating the above two Acts. Bangladesh Period (1971-onwards) -Government of Bangladesh declared a labor policy in 1972. The right to strike and collective bargaining in the nationalized industries was prohibited for six months by Presidential order no. 55 in May 1972. -In 1973, the right to strike and lockout, as granted by IRO, 1969 was withdrawn. -In 1974 Act completely suspended the democratic rights of workers by prohibiting trade union activities such as strikes, lock-outs, collective bargaining. -The military regime of 1975 imposed restrictions on the rights of collective bargaining. The Industrial Relations (Amendment) Ordinance, 1977 liberalized the Rights of Freedom of Association -The Labor Policy of 1980 restored the right to freedom of association to a considerable extent -In 1982 the military regime banned trade union activities, strikes, and right of freedom of association. Limitations In Bangladesh Trade Unions have a lot of unavoidable problems: 1. Lack of consciousness: Trade union are not actu ally completely aware about employees legal rights and duties. 2. Lack of Unity: In Bangladesh trade unions are separated for political influence. 3. Lack of knowledge: The workers of Bangladesh don’t have enough knowledge about their rights and duties. 4. Political influence: In Bangladesh, trade unions work a part of political parties not as a free right saving association. 5. Division of trade union: Bangladesh is a country where every organization has more trade unions in name only. The overall productivity got down. Suggestions Strengthening bilateral collective bargaining for solving problems quickly and effectively. Multiplicity of trade union creates the rivals in a union. So it must be reduced. Political involvement must be reduced. Organization must support financially as trade unions support the worker. Training programs under trade union should be helpful to develop the skills of the workers. Trade union’s function should be increased and widened throughout the organization. Union leader must be given importance and encourage the members. If trust between workers and management increases, productivity increases. Management must help and guide trade unions to settle industrial clashes and crisis. Trade unions always should demand reasonable thing to the management. . What is a dispute? Academically speaking, industrial dispute refers to any conflict between employees and employers, between employers and employers and between employers and employees. †¢ But in reality, dispute is understood as the conflict between employees and employers. There are three types of Disputes : †¢ Disciplinary disputes †¢ Grievance disputes †¢ Industrial disputes †¢ According to Industrial Dispute Act, 1947, Industrial dispute means any dispute or difference between employers and employers, or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the mployment or non-employment or terms of employment or with the conditions of labour of any person. Causes of Industrial Disputes: Some of the prominent causes of industrial disputes may be listed thus: Employment: The list here includes disputes over wages, allowances, bonus, benefits, working, condition, unjust dismissals, retrenchment of workers, methods of job evaluation, changes in methods of production, non-implement of awards of tribunals, etc. The National Commission on Labor remarked â€Å"though on majority of occasions industrial disputes were based on claims pertaining to the terms and condition of employment, sometimes economic issues of a general character dominated and, on occasion, purely motives†. The causes of industrial disputes can be broadly classified into two categories: economic and non-economic causes. The economic causes will include issues relating to compensation like wages, bonus, allowances, and conditions for work, working hours, leave and holidays without pay, unjust layoffs and retrenchments. The non economic factors will include victimization of workers, ill treatment by staff members, sympathetic strikes, political factors, indiscipline etc. Wages and allowances:  Since the cost of living index is increasing, workers generally bargain for higher wages to meet the rising cost of living index and to increase their standards of living. In 2002, 21. 4% of disputes were caused by demand of higher wages and allowances. This percentage was 20. 4% during 2003 and during 2004 increased up to 26. 2%. In 2005, wages and allowances accounted for 21. % of disputes. Personnel and retrenchment:  The personnel and retrenchment have also been an important factor which accounted for disputes. During the year 2002, disputes caused by personnel were 14. 1% while those caused by retrenchment and layoffs were 2. 2% and 0. 4% respectively. In 2003, a similar trend could be seen, wherein 11. 2% of the disputes were caused by personnel, while 2. 4% and 0. 6% of disputes were caused by retrenchment and layoffs. In year 2005, only 9. 6% of the disputes were caused by personnel, and only 0. 4% were caused by retrenchment. Indiscipline and violence:  From the given table, it is evident that the number of disputes caused by indiscipline has shown an increasing trend. In 2002, 29. 9% of disputes were caused because of indiscipline, which rose up to 36. 9% in 2003. Similarly in 2004 and 2005, 40. 4% and 41. 6% of disputes were caused due to indiscipline respectively. During the year 2003, indiscipline accounted for the highest percentage (36. 9%) of the total time-loss of all disputes, followed by cause-groups wage and allowance and personnel with 20. 4% and11. % respectively. A similar trend was observed in 2004 where indiscipline accounted for 40. 4% of disputes. Bonus:  Bonus has always been an important factor in industrial disputes. 6. 7% of the disputes were because of bonus in 2002 and 2003 as compared to 3. 5% and 3. 6% in 2004 and 2005 respectively. Leave and working hours: Leaves and working hours have not been so important causes of industrial disputes. During 2002, 0. 5% of the disputes were because of leave and hours of work while this percentage increased to 1% in 2003. During 2004, only 0. % of the disputes were because of leaves and working hours. ? Miscellaneous:  The miscellaneous factors include –  Ã‚   Inter/Intra Union Rivalry –  Ã‚   Charter of Demands –  Ã‚   Work Load –  Ã‚   Standing orders/rules/service conditions/safety measures   Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚   Non-implementation of agreements and awards etc. Collective Bargaining Collective bargaining includes not only negotiations between the emp loyers and unions but also includes the process of resolving labor-management conflicts. Thus, collective bargaining is, essentially, a recognized way of creating a system of industrial jurisprudence. It acts as a method of introducing civil rights in the industry, that is, the management should be conducted by rules rather than arbitrary decision making. It establishes rules which define and restrict the traditional authority exercised by the management. Importance to employees ? Collective bar aining develops a sense of self respect and responsibility among the employees. It increases the strength of the workforce, thereby, increasing their bargaining capacity as a group. Collective bargaining increases the morale and productivity of employees. It restricts management’s freedom for arbitrary action against the employees. Moreover, unilateral actions by the employer are also discouraged. Effective collective bargaining machinery strengthens the trade unions movement. The workers feel motivated as they can approach the management on various matters and bargain for higher benefits. It helps in securing a prompt and fair settlement of grievances. It provides a flexible means for the adjustment of wages and employment conditions to economic and technological changes in the industry, as a result of which the chances for conflicts are reduced. Importance to employers 1. It becomes easier for the management to resolve issues at the bargaining level rather than taking up complaints of individual workers. 2. Collective bargaining tends to promote a sense of job security among employees and thereby tends to reduce the cost of labor turnover to management. 3. Collective bargaining opens up the channel of communication between the workers and the management and increases worker participation in decision making. 4. Collective bargaining plays a vital role in settling and preventing industrial disputes. Importance to society: 1. Collective bargaining leads to industrial peace in the country 2. It results in establishment of a harmonious industrial climate which supports which helps the pace of a nation’s efforts towards economic and social development since the obstacles to such a development can be reduced considerably. 3. The discrimination and exploitation of workers is constantly being checked. 4. It provides a method or the regulation of the conditions of employment of those who are directly concerned about them.