Calculate the bounce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Calculate the bounce - Essay Example There are 49 employees, with a total monthly payroll output of  £101,400. Each employee, on average, earns  £2069 monthly or  £24,828 yearly. However, bonus amount should be based on profit figures. Employees are used to receiving  £70,000 in commissions, therefore bonus should be more equal to this figure in which they have become accustomed in order to improve motivation and performance incentives. Analysis methodology should consider current objectives, such as whether the business is looking to invest or, perhaps, expand the company which will require additional expenditures. Questions should be asked such as whether owners’ equity, for the investor stakeholder, should be considered prior to paying a bonus. There is one important factor to consider: In 2008, the company agreed to  £16.5 million in goods in exchange for 50 percent of the company, giving the business these goods for a period of one year. This agreement raised inventory assets in the company, which only improves its position for growth or perhaps access to new credit. The current global accounting standards would identify these goods or perhaps depreciate their value over time, however its rising liquidity from the goods exchange makes the company stronger at the accounting level. Therefore, bonus should not be reduced as current profit levels remain unchanged even with the new 50/50 ownership. The goods received are still part of the company’s inventory. Profit in 2009 was  £7.72 million. There was no cash balance from 2008 to consider as profit was used to expand sales for 2009. With this in mind, if the company divided the entire profit among the 49 employees, it would be calculated as: However, this is far outside of industry norms and equates to more than the employees are used to receiving with their sales commission and would not add to the business’ cash balance, which is strategically

Halliday And Hasans Cohesion In English English Language Essay

Halliday And Hasans Cohesion In English English Language Essay A relatively neglected aspect of the linguistic system is its resources for text construction, the range of meanings that are specifically associated with relating what being said. The principal component of these resources is that of cohesion. Through the last four decades, studies have been conducted by linguists to explain and examine cohesive features. The major work that influenced these studies is the one conducted by Halliday and Hasan (1976) on their book Cohesion in English. This paper attempts to explore Cohesion in Englishs content, highlight its influence on English language teaching, and investigate its impact on developing further works on cohesion. The concept of cohesion, according to Halliday and Hasan (1976), is a semantic one. It deals with the relations of meaning within any text. It occurs where the interpretation of some element in the discourse is dependent on that of another and, thus, a relation of cohesion is set up. The one presupposes the other, and cannot be effectively decoded except by recourse to it. The two elements, the presupposing and the presupposed, are integrated into a text. As an example to illustrate the concept of cohesion, the old piece of schoolboy humour time flies, gives no indication of not being a complete text and in fact it usually is, and the humour lies in the misinterpretation that is required if there is a following sentence is to be satisfied. Halliday and Hasans interpretation of cohesion is further elaborated by approaching the notion of a cohesive tie. This is a term that is thought to be needed to refer to an occurrence of a pair of cohesively linked items. It is argued that the concept of a tie makes it possible to analyse any text in terms of its cohesive characteristics and gives a systemic account of its patterns of texture. In English, there are two ways by which cohesive ties are created: lexical and grammatical cohesion (Halliday and Hasan, 1976) and each of these ties has been explained and examined thoroughly by applied linguists in attempt to provide effective way of mastering these ties by English language learners. Lexical cohesion is simply interpreted by Halliday and Hasan (1976:274) as the cohesive effect achieved by the selection of vocabulary. It involves meaningful connections in text that are created through the use of lexical items and that do not intrinsically involve grammatical cohesive ties (Bloor, 2004). The two main categories linked with lexical cohesion are collocation and reiteration. Collocation covers two or more words which can be said to go together in the sense of frequency of occurrence (Bloor, 2004). Learners recognition of collocational ties depends in large measures on the amount of his or her reading or listening. The teacher should therefore, encourage learners to read more and provide a motivational environment in which learners are exposed to lexical collocations. Of the category of lexical reiteration, educators locate difficulty for students of forming a mental picture of the meaning of general nouns, and the fact that they cohere not with a single word but with a wider stretch of meaning. Many researchers have investigated the importance of teaching lexical cohesion in the language classroom. McGee (2008), for example, suggests that collocation errors are pervasive in student attempts to vary their lexis. As much as possible collocation knowledge must be developed alongside reiteration skill development. Collocation dictionaries or corpus data can be used by teachers to help give students the most typical or strongest collocates of important words. Cox, Shanahan, and Sulzby (1990: 60) argue that exposure to contrived texts has a negative effect on the development of a learners use of lexical cohesive ties in writing. They advise teachers not to over-simplify texts for their students as they believe that edited texts are not rich in their lexical cohesive ties. Grammatical cohesion, on the other hand, refers to the structural content, and it is categorised into four main cohesive ties: reference, substitution, ellipsis and conjunction. Reference is considered as a cohesive tie when two or more expressions in the text refer to the same person, thing or idea (Bloor, 2004:93). In relation to the main types of reference, Halliday and Hasan (1976) contrast between exophora and endophora, and suggest that exophoric reference is situational and the endophoric reference is textual. Though both exophoric and endophoric reference embody an instruction to retrieve from elsewhere the information necessary for interpreting a text, exophoric reference must be made to the context of situation whereas endophoric reference is realised by the position of the expressions in the text. Depending on these positions, one can speak of anaphoric and cataphoric reference. If an expression refers to a preceding expression/utterance, it is a case of anaphoric referenc e. Cataphoric reference refers to the following utterances or their parts (see Figure 1 below). Figure 1 , (Cited in Halliday and Hasan, 1976:33) Substitution, in contrary to the reference, is a relation in syntax rather than meaning. It is a grammatical relation used to avoid unnecessary and intrusive repetition of a lexical item by drawing on the grammatical recourses of the language to replace the item (Bloor, 2004). For example, in the conversation, Which ice-cream would you like? I would like the pink one , the word one is used instead of repeating ice-cream. There are three types of substitution in English: nominal (one, ones, the same), verbal (do/did) and clausal (so, not) substitution. Ellipsis is another kind of substitution but in this case a lexical item is substituted by zero. That is to say, rather being substituted in order to avoid unnecessary and intrusive repetition, an item is left unsaid. For example, the word Dormouse is elided after two: There was a table set out under a tree in front of the house, and the March Hare and the Hatter were having tea at it: a Dormouse was sitting between them, fast asleep, and the other two were using it as a cushion, resting their elbows on it, and talking over its head. Halliday and Hasan (1976) lists three types of ellipsis: nominal, the omission of head nouns in a nominal group; verbal, an ellipsis within the verbal group; and clausal, the omission of a clause. The notion of ellipsis has influenced English language teachers to draw on learners short-term memory and help them recognise when ellipsis has occurred in a certain text. The fourth and final type of cohesive ties is that of conjunction. It refers broadly to the combining of any two textual elements into a potentially coherent complex semantic unit (Thompson, 2004). Though the conjunctive elements (for example, then, for this reason, on the other hand) are used to describe the relationship between clauses and sections in the text, Halliday and Hasan (1976:226) suggest that they are not principally devices for reaching out into the preceding (or following) text, but they express certain meanings which presuppose the presence of other components in the discourse. They argue that in describing conjunction a cohesive device, the attention should not be on the semantic relations between the clauses linked by the conjuncts, rather on the conjunctive devices themselves and the function they have of relating to each other linguistic elements. Educational experts, however, attempt to refer to the notion of conjunction in accordance with what suits the English language learner to better achieve the mastery of this cohesive device. Zamil (1983), for example, suggests that rather than the typical textbook approach of presenting lists of conjuncts categorized according to meaning, it would be more effective to begin by classifying linking devices according to their grammatical functions. In other words, coordinating conjunctions (e.g. and, or, but), subordinating conjunctions (e.g. because, although, if), and conjunctive adverbs (e.g. on the other hand, nevertheless) should all be introduced separately. In this way, students could learn how each type of marker works within the sentence and between sentences. Applied linguists have devoted many studies on how learners perceive and produce cohesive structures, and Halliday and Hasans work on cohesion triggers investigations on learners difficulties in recognising cohesive ties in both first and second language learning. Garrod and Sanford (1977b), for example, in experiments with adult L1 subjects, show that the time taken to read a sentence containing the second half of a lexically-conjoined tie is largely determined by the semantic distance between the two halves of the tie. In other words, all other content remaining constant, a pair of sentences containing a superordinate/subordinate lexical tie will take longer to read than a pair containing lexical tie involving repetition. Chapman and stokes (1980) research on the mastery of cohesive ties by L1 British children gives evidence that those children who are beginning to read fluently have the ability to perceive the cohesive factors and are thus able to integrate the text semantically, for they are constructing a meaningful whole as they read. In L2 situation, Cohen (1979) investigated university students reading of English texts in four complementary studies and all four of the studies revealed that learners were not picking up the conjunctive words signalling cohesion, not even the more basic ones like however and thus. Further, Pierce (1975) and Ewer (1980) both comment on the difficulties posed by the conjuncts and discourse markers, and advise that much more attention should be given to this category of tie in teaching reading. The work of Halliday and Hasan (1976) still provides the fullest account of cohesive ties in English (Bloor, 2004). However, there are several scholars who have developed Halliday and Hasans account to investigate deeply into the area. Hoey (1983, 1991), for example, investigates how cohesive features combine to organise long stretches of text. He approaches cohesion as related to some patterns of rhetorical organisation. A special attention on his work is given on cohesive chains and the significance of repetition. His contributions include ideas on the role of the sentence, which he suggests may be a part grammatical, part textual phenomenon, a view that is compatible with much on literature on the topic (Bloor, 2004). Another example to the influence of Halliday and Hasans Cohesion in English, is the work by Mann and Thompson (1992) which gathers different analyses by twelve different linguists of the same text. It incorporates distinct views in approaching discourse and may vary the classifications of text analysis. A further investigation of Halliday and Hasans (1976) work is conducted by Halliday and Matthiessen (1999) who bring broader theoretical perspective the area of language cohesion. Their work sheds light on many factors that lack of space has forced us to neglect. Apart from praise and influential impact cohesion in English has gained, one might note that it is not without its critics. Doyle (1982) ,for example, points out that Halliday and Hasan limit themselves to a discussion of meaning as it appears in surface structure; questions of coherence, of the relationships among propositions in the textual world created by the writer and recreated by the reader, remain unexamined. He argues that the very restrictions which Halliday and Hasan themselves placed upon their study beg questions and forestall observations which seem ultimately more interesting to the study of coherence than the taxonomy which results. In their decision to restrict their study to surface evidence of cohesion beyond the sentence, Halliday and Hasan restrict the relationships which their descriptive system may show. To sum up, Halliday and Hasans (1976) work on cohesion appears to set out a framework for the analysis and coding of cohesion and, therefore, offers a new dimension for language educators to approach language semantics and structure in the language classroom. Applied linguists and language teachers have been influenced by Cohesion in English on designing grammar lessons and language tasks that address lexical and grammatical cohesive ties.

Politics and Political Sciences :: Political Governmental Essays

Politics and Political Sciences What is political science? It is the study of the mechanism that people employ for their protection, better known as a government. When looking up the word government in the dictionary the word authority is used repeatedly. To many people the type and extent of authority over them is very important. So, which is the best kind of government? Is it the monarch or the republic? It is important to look at the difference between monarchs and republics and how they came about. Monarchies are usually run by a king or queen. These rulers are heads of the government because of birth. Of course, not all monarchs are the same, some are more powerful than others. There are three kinds of monarchs limited, constitutional, and an absolute. The least powerful of the group is the limited monarch. They usually have no political power and are just a historical figure. The country is run by the prime minister. A good example of this is England. Queen Elizabeth makes public appearances and ceremonies. The truth is she has no decisions in political decisions. She can not make laws of or deal with any similar issue, but is still a very important part of England's tradition. There can be different titles in different countries. For example in Japan the Emperor is like the king or queen of England. The constitutional monarch has more powers than the limited monarch, but they are restricted. The countries constitution puts the king, queen, prime minister, and parliament below the law. They can make laws and policies or veto, however, parliament must give their consent. Some countries that are constitutional monarchs are Norway, Sweden, and Denmark. The final and most powerful monarchs are absolute monarchs. In these countries The king or queen have absolute control over the country. At one time all monarchs used to be absolute. The king or queen is the law, the Parliament can suggest ideas but he or she has the final say. Absolute powers today include Saudi Arabia and Kuwait, however, in these countries the head authority is called the Amir. The other form of government is a republic. In the dictionary it is that said that a republic is a form of government where the power is in the citizens who are allowed to elect their representation. However, it is better said, a country without a king or queen and is not a monarch because not all republics are the same.

Employment and Trade Unions Essay

Throughout the study I have tried with the best of my capacity to accommodate as much information and relevant issues as possible and tried to follow the instructions as you have suggested. I tried my best to make this report as much informative as possible. I sincerely believe that it will satisfy your requirements. I however sincerely believe that this report will serve the purpose of my course (Industrial Relation). I am grateful to you for your guidance and kind co-operation at every step of my endeavor on this report. My effort will be reworded only if it adds value to the research literature. Introduction One of the major functions of human resource management is to maintain smooth industrial relations (IR). It is also treated as one of the oldest functions of HRM. It is basically allied with the relations between the employer and the workers in the industry (Singh & Kumar, 2011: 3). According to Weeratunga (2003:5) â€Å"Industrial Relations or Labor Relations, the terms used interchangeably, can be viewed as the interaction between the various interested parties involved in employment. The employer and the employee are obvious parties. The state, in ensuring a level playing field for both sides, provides the legal framework within which such relations may take place†. In industrial relations, workers are generally represented by their trade unions formed under chapter 13 of Bangladesh Labor Act–2006 whereas employers are represented by their associations such as Bangladesh Employers Federation. HR managers mediate the relationships between workers and employers though they are appointed by the representatives of employers. Another related term is ‘Employee Relations’. Though both the terms industrial relations and employee relations are structurally similar (Decenzo& Robbins, 1999: 18), employee relations includes, in addition to industrial relations, such aspects as participative management, employee wellbeing, employee development, employee compensation, employee protection and health, and the like (Aswathappa, 2008:534). Generally industrial relations cover the areas such as trade unions, collective bargaining, settlement of industrial disputes, grievance handling procedure, role of government, labor laws, courts and tribunals and role of employers. In the context of developing countries, industrial relations has been influenced by features such as high exploitation of workers, low level of worker participation in decision making, government and political interferences, high rate of illiteracy of workers, low level of employment, low level of awareness among the laborers regarding rights, laws, and trade unionism, and low labor productivity (Khan &Taher, 2008: 222-23). Industrial relations plays an important role in establishing and maintaining industrial democracy (Monappa, 2004: 9) and it is the key to improve productivity in industrial enterprises (Aswathappa, 2004: 534). Human resource management can play vital roles in enhancing cooperative and friendly industrial relations. In Bangladesh, collective bargaining on pay between employer and workmen is prohibited in the public sector enterprises as the government designs uniform pay and benefits for the employees of all public sector enterprises (Mahmood, 2008). The limited scope of collective bargaining in the public sector of Bangladesh influences the trade unions to develop network with government, political parties and other powerful bodies in organizing their activities. It hinders effective interactions between the representatives of employers and workers at enterprise level. Though performance based pay is considered to have significant impact on employee performance (Dessler&Varkkey, 2010: 15), it is not at all practiced by the public sector enterprises in Bangladesh. As a result, public sector enterprises in Bangladesh have been incurring huge losses. On the other hand, all types of collective bargaining takes place at enterprise level in case of private sector enterprises (Khan, 1996). Mahmood (2008) mentioned that the industrial relations process in the private sector was often disturbed by links between private and public sector unions. Objectives: a) To explore the differences between public and private sector industrial enterprises of Bangladesh with respect to overall status of IR. b) To put forward policy implications of overall improvement in IR of Bangladesh. Industrial Relations Studies in Bangladesh Khan (1986) studied industrial relations in Bangladesh with special emphasis on trade unionism. †¦ Trade Unions Trade Union is an organization of workers who have banded together to achieve common goals such as protecting the integrity of its trade, achieving higher pay, increasing the number of employees an employer hires, and better working conditions. An organized association of workers in a trade, group of trades, or profession, formed to protect and further their rights and interests. – A group of employees in a particular sector, whose aim is to negotiate with employees over pay, job security, working hours, etc. using the collective power of the members. The most common purpose of these associations or unions is â€Å"maintaining or improving the conditions of their employment†. Causes of organizing trade unions Provision of benefits to members: professional training, legal advice and representation for members is still an important benefit of trade union membership. Industrial action: Trade unions may enforce strikes or resistance to lockouts in furtherance of particular goals. Political activity: Trade unions may promote legislation favourable to the interests of their members or workers as a whole. To this end they may pursue campaigns, undertake lobbying, or financially support individual candidates or parties. Conditions of employment and any grievances — are settled through trade unions. Bargaining rights: Trade unions bargain and ensure the status, rights, wages and demands of workers of the modern world of industry. Contribution in economical growth: Trade unions are growing rapidly in an economy because of the expansion of business and economical growth. Objectives Trade unions are the only way to manage, compliant, and control the labour force. Lots of objectives are there to organize trade unions. . To defend or improve the wages and working conditions of workers and to bring about a change in the economic order. 2. To strengthen their (labour) bargaining power collectively to establish and achieve all their rights. 3. To dully protect all other interest of the workers . And from the management’s point of view the objectives as written: a) To reduce the number of negotiation. b) To specify work rules, disagreements and grievances to give the better solution to workers claim. c) To establish the efficient communication between the employers and management to enforce the predictable standards. ) To enhance the overall organizational effectiveness workers can also be sometimes inspired to form and organize trade union. In fact, objectives of a trade union are not defined; rather these are changing according to the need of the economy and overall industry. When these objectives are not settled then the rivals are started History of Trade Unions The Pakistan Period (1947-71) -The East Pakistan Trade Unions Act, 1965 was enacted repealing the Trade Unions Act, 1926. -The Labor Disputes Act, 1965 was enacted. -Industrial Relations Ordinance, 1969 was enacted integrating the above two Acts. Bangladesh Period (1971-onwards) -Government of Bangladesh declared a labor policy in 1972. The right to strike and collective bargaining in the nationalized industries was prohibited for six months by Presidential order no. 55 in May 1972. -In 1973, the right to strike and lockout, as granted by IRO, 1969 was withdrawn. -In 1974 Act completely suspended the democratic rights of workers by prohibiting trade union activities such as strikes, lock-outs, collective bargaining. -The military regime of 1975 imposed restrictions on the rights of collective bargaining. The Industrial Relations (Amendment) Ordinance, 1977 liberalized the Rights of Freedom of Association -The Labor Policy of 1980 restored the right to freedom of association to a considerable extent -In 1982 the military regime banned trade union activities, strikes, and right of freedom of association. Limitations In Bangladesh Trade Unions have a lot of unavoidable problems: 1. Lack of consciousness: Trade union are not actu ally completely aware about employees legal rights and duties. 2. Lack of Unity: In Bangladesh trade unions are separated for political influence. 3. Lack of knowledge: The workers of Bangladesh don’t have enough knowledge about their rights and duties. 4. Political influence: In Bangladesh, trade unions work a part of political parties not as a free right saving association. 5. Division of trade union: Bangladesh is a country where every organization has more trade unions in name only. The overall productivity got down. Suggestions Strengthening bilateral collective bargaining for solving problems quickly and effectively. Multiplicity of trade union creates the rivals in a union. So it must be reduced. Political involvement must be reduced. Organization must support financially as trade unions support the worker. Training programs under trade union should be helpful to develop the skills of the workers. Trade union’s function should be increased and widened throughout the organization. Union leader must be given importance and encourage the members. If trust between workers and management increases, productivity increases. Management must help and guide trade unions to settle industrial clashes and crisis. Trade unions always should demand reasonable thing to the management. . What is a dispute? Academically speaking, industrial dispute refers to any conflict between employees and employers, between employers and employers and between employers and employees. †¢ But in reality, dispute is understood as the conflict between employees and employers. There are three types of Disputes : †¢ Disciplinary disputes †¢ Grievance disputes †¢ Industrial disputes †¢ According to Industrial Dispute Act, 1947, Industrial dispute means any dispute or difference between employers and employers, or between employers and workmen, or between workmen and workmen, which is connected with the mployment or non-employment or terms of employment or with the conditions of labour of any person. Causes of Industrial Disputes: Some of the prominent causes of industrial disputes may be listed thus: Employment: The list here includes disputes over wages, allowances, bonus, benefits, working, condition, unjust dismissals, retrenchment of workers, methods of job evaluation, changes in methods of production, non-implement of awards of tribunals, etc. The National Commission on Labor remarked â€Å"though on majority of occasions industrial disputes were based on claims pertaining to the terms and condition of employment, sometimes economic issues of a general character dominated and, on occasion, purely motives†. The causes of industrial disputes can be broadly classified into two categories: economic and non-economic causes. The economic causes will include issues relating to compensation like wages, bonus, allowances, and conditions for work, working hours, leave and holidays without pay, unjust layoffs and retrenchments. The non economic factors will include victimization of workers, ill treatment by staff members, sympathetic strikes, political factors, indiscipline etc. Wages and allowances:  Since the cost of living index is increasing, workers generally bargain for higher wages to meet the rising cost of living index and to increase their standards of living. In 2002, 21. 4% of disputes were caused by demand of higher wages and allowances. This percentage was 20. 4% during 2003 and during 2004 increased up to 26. 2%. In 2005, wages and allowances accounted for 21. % of disputes. Personnel and retrenchment:  The personnel and retrenchment have also been an important factor which accounted for disputes. During the year 2002, disputes caused by personnel were 14. 1% while those caused by retrenchment and layoffs were 2. 2% and 0. 4% respectively. In 2003, a similar trend could be seen, wherein 11. 2% of the disputes were caused by personnel, while 2. 4% and 0. 6% of disputes were caused by retrenchment and layoffs. In year 2005, only 9. 6% of the disputes were caused by personnel, and only 0. 4% were caused by retrenchment. Indiscipline and violence:  From the given table, it is evident that the number of disputes caused by indiscipline has shown an increasing trend. In 2002, 29. 9% of disputes were caused because of indiscipline, which rose up to 36. 9% in 2003. Similarly in 2004 and 2005, 40. 4% and 41. 6% of disputes were caused due to indiscipline respectively. During the year 2003, indiscipline accounted for the highest percentage (36. 9%) of the total time-loss of all disputes, followed by cause-groups wage and allowance and personnel with 20. 4% and11. % respectively. A similar trend was observed in 2004 where indiscipline accounted for 40. 4% of disputes. Bonus:  Bonus has always been an important factor in industrial disputes. 6. 7% of the disputes were because of bonus in 2002 and 2003 as compared to 3. 5% and 3. 6% in 2004 and 2005 respectively. Leave and working hours: Leaves and working hours have not been so important causes of industrial disputes. During 2002, 0. 5% of the disputes were because of leave and hours of work while this percentage increased to 1% in 2003. During 2004, only 0. % of the disputes were because of leaves and working hours. ? Miscellaneous:  The miscellaneous factors include –  Ã‚   Inter/Intra Union Rivalry –  Ã‚   Charter of Demands –  Ã‚   Work Load –  Ã‚   Standing orders/rules/service conditions/safety measures   Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  Ã‚   Non-implementation of agreements and awards etc. Collective Bargaining Collective bargaining includes not only negotiations between the emp loyers and unions but also includes the process of resolving labor-management conflicts. Thus, collective bargaining is, essentially, a recognized way of creating a system of industrial jurisprudence. It acts as a method of introducing civil rights in the industry, that is, the management should be conducted by rules rather than arbitrary decision making. It establishes rules which define and restrict the traditional authority exercised by the management. Importance to employees ? Collective bar aining develops a sense of self respect and responsibility among the employees. It increases the strength of the workforce, thereby, increasing their bargaining capacity as a group. Collective bargaining increases the morale and productivity of employees. It restricts management’s freedom for arbitrary action against the employees. Moreover, unilateral actions by the employer are also discouraged. Effective collective bargaining machinery strengthens the trade unions movement. The workers feel motivated as they can approach the management on various matters and bargain for higher benefits. It helps in securing a prompt and fair settlement of grievances. It provides a flexible means for the adjustment of wages and employment conditions to economic and technological changes in the industry, as a result of which the chances for conflicts are reduced. Importance to employers 1. It becomes easier for the management to resolve issues at the bargaining level rather than taking up complaints of individual workers. 2. Collective bargaining tends to promote a sense of job security among employees and thereby tends to reduce the cost of labor turnover to management. 3. Collective bargaining opens up the channel of communication between the workers and the management and increases worker participation in decision making. 4. Collective bargaining plays a vital role in settling and preventing industrial disputes. Importance to society: 1. Collective bargaining leads to industrial peace in the country 2. It results in establishment of a harmonious industrial climate which supports which helps the pace of a nation’s efforts towards economic and social development since the obstacles to such a development can be reduced considerably. 3. The discrimination and exploitation of workers is constantly being checked. 4. It provides a method or the regulation of the conditions of employment of those who are directly concerned about them.

Work Force Diversity

Executive Summary: We've looked at the challenges that Indian companies face because of diversity, both at the workplace and the marketplace. Wave also seen the ways companies can use, to not only manage existing diversity but also to promote it and gain a competitive advantage in the market. Probably, the most important aspect that comes out from the study is that diversity is finally all about human beings, and how they differ from each other.Any company that understands Its key stakeholders well – Its employees, TTS shareholders, its partners and most importantly, its customers, can thrive in the most diverse of environments. â€Å"The next time some academics tell you how important diversity Is, ask how many Republicans there are In their sociology department† – Thomas Swell I: Diversity in the context of an Indian Business Organization The objective of this article is twofold. Firstly it tries to identify the various elements of diversity, as it exists in a modern Indian Business corporation.Secondly It looks at he methods that the companies can employ, not only to understand and cope with the diversity but also to leverage it towards building wholesome business relationships. Diversity in many ways Is closely connected to another term that we see commonly used today, which is ‘Change'. Managing diversity is an essential part of change management. If Indian companies have to thrive in today's changing global marketplace. It has to learn to manage diversity, both within the company and without. Managing Workforce DiversityDiversity is defined as the personification of various cultures within a social or business environment. The fundamental principles of any culture include their value systems, beliefs, habits, and lifestyle. The varied inclusions consist of individuals from different ethnic backgrounds, cultures, and religious beliefs; without regard to their gender, age, or lifestyle. Diversity Includes dimensions that expand t he criteria outlines in the U. S. Government equal opportunity and affirmative action mandates (Anonymous, 2005).Diversity In the workplace has become the number one targeted objective In organizations globally. Effectively managing diversity in areas such as religion, culture, stress, age, gender, race, and sexual orientation is the key to achieving global success in the workplace. Work Force Diversity By motivates at the workplace and the marketplace. We've also seen the ways companies can use, each other. Any company that understands its key stakeholders well – its employees, diversity is, ask how many Republicans there are in their sociology department† – f diversity, as it exists in a modern Indian Business corporation.Secondly it looks at relationships. Diversity in many ways is closely connected to another term that we marketplace, it has to learn to manage diversity, both within the company and their gender, age, or lifestyle. Diversity includes dimension s that expand the criteria (Anonymous, 2005). Diversity in the workplace has become the number one targeted objective in organizations globally. Effectively managing diversity in areas such as

Stereographic Photography

Stereographic Photography Stereographs were a very popular form of photography in the 19th century. Using a special camera, photographers would take two nearly identical images which, when printed side by side, would appear as a three dimensional image when viewed through a set of special lenses called a stereoscope. Millions of stereoview cards were sold and a stereoscope kept in the parlor was a common entertainment item for decades. Images on the cards ranged from portraits of popular figures to comical incidents to spectacular scenic views. When executed by talented photographers, stereoview cards could make scenes appear extremely realistic. For example, a stereographic image shot from a tower of the Brooklyn Bridge during its construction, when viewed with the proper lenses, makes the viewer feel as if they are about to step out on a precarious rope footbridge. The popularity of stereoview cards faded by about 1900. Large archives of them still exist and thousands of them can be viewed online. Many historic scenes were recorded as stereo images by noted photographers including Alexander Gardner and Mathew Brady, and scenes from Antietam and Gettysburg can seem particularly vivid when viewed with the proper equipment that shows off their original 3-D aspect. History of Stereographs The earliest stereoscopes were invented in the late 1830s, but it wasn’t until the Great Exhibition of 1851 that a practical method of publishing stereo images was introduced to the public. Throughout the 1850s the popularity of stereographic images grew, and before long many thousands of cards printed with side-by-side images were being sold. Photographers of the era tended to be businessmen fixated on capturing images that would sell to the public. And the popularity of the stereoscopic format dictated that many images would be captured with stereoscopic cameras. The format was especially suited to landscape photography, as spectacular sites such as waterfalls or mountain ranges would appear to jump out at the viewer. In typical use, stereoscopic images would be viewed as parlor entertainment. In an era before films or television, families would experience what it was like to see distant landmarks or exotic landscapes by passing around the stereoscope. Stereo cards were often sold in numbered sets, so consumers could easily buy a series of views related to a particular theme.   Its apparent by viewing vintage stereoscopic images that photographers would try to choose vantage points which would emphasize the 3-dimensional effect. Some photographs that might be impressive when shot with a normal camera can seem thrilling, if not terrifying, when viewed with the full sterescopic effect. Even serious subjects, including very grim scenes shot during the Civil War, were captured as stereoscopic images. Alexander Gardner used a stereoscopic camera when he took his classic photographs at Antietam. When viewed today with lenses that replicate the three-dimensional effect, the images, especially of dead soldiers in poses of rigor mortis, are chilling. Following the Civil War, popular subjects for stereoscopic photography would have been the construction of the railroads in the West, and the construction of landmarks such as the Brooklyn Bridge. Photographers with stereoscopic cameras made considerable effort to capture scenes with spectacular scenery,   such as Yosemite Valley in California. Stereoscopic photographs even led to the founding of the National Parks. Tales of spectacular landscapes in the Yellowstone region were discounted as rumors or wild tales told by mountain men. In the 1870s stereoscopic images were taken in the Yellowstone region and they were shown to members of Congress. Through the magic of stereoscopic photography skeptical legislators could experience some of the grandeur of Yellowstones majestic scenery, and the argument to preserve the wilderness was thereby strengthened. Vintage stereoscopic cards can be found today at flea markets, antique stores, and online auction sites, and modern lorgnette viewers (which can be purchased through online dealers) make it possible to experience the thrill of 19th century stereoscopes.   Sources: Stereoscopes.  St. James Encyclopedia of Popular Culture, edited by Thomas Riggs, 2nd ed., vol. 4, St. James Press, 2013, pp. 709-711. Brady, Mathew.  UXL Encyclopedia of World Biography, edited by Laura B. Tyle, vol. 2, UXL, 2003, pp. 269-270.   Photography.  Gale Library of Daily Life:  American Civil War, edited by Steven E. Woodworth, vol. 1, Gale, 2008, pp. 275-287.

Drug Testing in the Workplace essays

Drug Testing in the Workplace essays We resolve that drug testing is an invasion of privacy and infringes on employees personal rights. We will show that drug testing is a violation of the Fourth and Fifth Amendments. The courts maintained this interpretation until recently. We will argue that any test must be both valid and reliable, and drug tests are neither. Drug testing is used to detect the presence of illegal drugs found in a persons body; this is done by collecting a specimen of blood, sweat, hair, or most commonly urine. Drug testing is a humiliating experience because it makes the employees feel as though theyre criminals. The individual is watched carefully as he or she urinates into a cup in a restroom with no running water. This is done so that the individual will not tamper with the specimen. Companies follow these procedures to ensure truthfulness. However, random drug testing infringes on our Civil Rights. They are an invasion of privacy, which is protected by the Fourth Amendment. Urinalysis reveals not only the presence of illegal drugs, but it also reveals the existence of many other physical and medical conditions including genetic diseases and pregnancy (www.aclu.org/library/pbr5.html ). The disclosure of this type of information can be both embarrassing and harmful to ones career. Further more, the Fourth Amend ment guarantees the right of the people to be secure in their person, houses, papers and effects against unreasonable search and seizure except upon probable cause. Therefore government and business policies on pre-employment and random drug testing in the work place are in direct violation of this right. The Due Process clause of the Fourth Amendment states that no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due process of the law. Pre-employment drug screening completely defies this in that it gives a prospective employee no chance of challenging the test. The...

The Silent K

The Silent K The Silent K The Silent K By Sharon One common spelling error is omitting the K at the beginning of words where it is silent (example: nick-nack instead of knick-knack). The origins of silent K are difficult to pin down. What we do know is that the k wasnt always silent, especially in words of Germanic origin. Just as it is in German, the k was actually pronounced and many of the words which now have silent k originally began with that distinctive clicking sound. My high school teacher made a point of this when teaching us Chaucer. However, some time after the Chaucerian era, the k sound disappeared from the kn combination. There is speculation that it suddenly became hard to pronounce, and was just one of many linguistic changes after the Great Vowel Shift. I havent found any corroboration for this theory. Heres a partial list of words with a silent K. Feel free to add yours. knack knacker knapsack knave knead knee kneel knell knelt knew knick-knack knickers knife knight knit knob knock knoll knot know knowledge knuckle Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Spelling category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Compared "to" or Compared "with"?Email EtiquettePhrasal Verbs and Phrasal Nouns

Universality of Human Rights and Cultural Disparity Essay

Universality of Human Rights and Cultural Disparity - Essay Example While proponents support the concept’s ideology, opponents argue against it on the basis of cultural relativism and the apolitical nature of the campaign adopted in its advocacy. Perhaps the most pervasive argument against the universal nature of human rights is that of cultural diversity. This assertion is hinged on the assertion that since every nation or society has its distinctive cultural values, a universal approach to rights cannot be applied all around the world. A key issue in the cultural disparity argument stems from the perception that the West differs significantly from other nations, on which it attempts to impose the idea of universal human rights. This notion is perpetuated by the fact that the UN Declaration of Human Rights was adopted when majority of Third World nations had not gained independence from the principally Western colonialists. Universality of rights is therefore perceived as cover for the West to intervene in developing countries’ affairs, while spreading its individualistic socio-cultural values in otherwise community-oriented societies. In further argument against universality, others posit that ongoing nation-building in developing countries cannot sustain individual-oriented human rights since it is a communal task.

Staffing Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Staffing - Assignment Example In general, staffing can be said to include several processes such as work force forecasting, work force planning, and appropriate strategizing. Staffing is also concern with placing of existing work force; relocating and relocating people based on the company’s needs, tasks of an individual, the projects related to the activities of the company and the appropriate professional skills of a worker. The actual staffing process starts by the staffing companies taking efforts in studying the job requirements and specifications of their client. It is the role of the business to understand the organization’s culture before attempting in invitations of those candidates seeking the job, interviewing the candidates, and making follow up concerning their references and other appropriate details. The final process is presenting the job seekers who qualify the interviews and found by the staffing company to possess appropriate qualities for the job. Staffing can be permanent or temporary, with temporary staffing the group in the company involved in the process forms a co-employment relationship in combination with clients this is normally achieved through taking responsibilities for the agreed company’s issues. The permanent staffing, on the other hand, undertakes other roles, in addition to recruitment permission related, to permanent fulfillments for the positions, which are open to individuals wishing to go for the job. Providing companies with candidates are usually achieved by the staffing companies, the aspects in which the companies as provided with include direct hire basis, contract and contract to high. The thorough process of interview usually enables the appropriate solutions and processes effective. Resources for learning and understanding the business, its environment, staffing needs, products and services are usually availed by the staffing company. By working out the basic

How to succeed at team-building Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

How to succeed at team-building - Essay Example Organisational behaviour encompasses many areas including employee engagement, employee motivation, communication, personality development and so on. This paper will review the article â€Å"How to succeed at team-building† written by Martin Goodwill (n.d.) using some theories and concepts in the area of organisational behaviour. Literature review As the title indicates, the given article specifically focuses on the aspect team building. Team building is a management approach whereby employees are considered as interdependent team members instead of individual workers. As scholars point out, team building encompasses a wide range of activities ranging from simple bonding exercises to multi-day retreat programmes designed for improving the overall performance of the team, and ultimately the organisation. In a business context, the process of team building falls under the framework of organisational development. Majority of the organisations shape their day to day operations in a way team building is enhanced. A strong and efficient leadership is necessary to improve the team dynamics. The article writer strongly says that employee engagement is an integral part of successful team building. ... Tuckman’s model The â€Å"forming, storming, norming, and performing† model of group development was developed by Bruce W. Tuckman in 1965 based on his 50 studies of group behaviour. Tuckman argues that all these stages of group development are essential for any team to address problems, deliver desired results, and to grow further. The Tuckman’s model is particularly concerned with the way individuals would behave when they work together in a group for the first time or when they are assigned with a challenging task like diversity training. This model is greatly helpful for team members to get a clear view of the group dynamics while working in professional contexts. It is also useful for group leaders to monitor their groups’ development when their group members are resistant to change. Forming is the first stage of team building and is initiated for the completion of a particular task; and during this initial stage, team members pay specific attention o n team organisation, work schedules, and meetings (Clements & Jones 2008). They try to collect information about each other and to avoid serious feelings for ensuring smooth flow of the team building process. At this level, individuals’ behaviour may be influenced by their aspiration to be accepted by others (ibid). This is what Goodwill call ‘employee engagement’ in his article. Since team members are extremely focused on themselves at the forming stage, proper employee engagement would bring desired outcomes. In the second stage (storming), the group discusses matter like how individual members can work independently and together to solve various issues and what leadership model they are about to follow. Referring to Goodwill’s views, a leader has an important role to play in

Refrigeration cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Refrigeration cycle - Essay Example The cycle is very important since it affects many areas of our lives. As said earlier, it is used in refrigerators and freezers that allow food preservation. Refrigerated boats and fishing boats allow the preservation of the catch (Brain & Elliott, 2015). In addition, trucks that transport perishable vegetables, as well as other types of perishable products such as meat, are fitted with refrigerators for preservation. The cycle is also used in air conditioners that are fitted in houses and automobiles such as cars and planes. Air conditioners help in altering air properties such as temperature and humidity to more comfortable conditions (Brain & Elliott, 2015). Basically the main aim of the conditioned air is to enhance thermal comfort, as well as indoor air quality In addition, the cycle is very important in the medical procedures that require lowering of body temperatures. Vapor compression refrigeration is used in industries to chill as well as condense chemicals that fail to possess the ability to be condensed at ambient temperatures. Moreover, Refrigeration cycles are also used in cryogenics, which is the study of the behavior of materials at low temperatures. Cryogenics subject various materials to very low temperatures by the use of ammonia refrigerators in their study Homes are also fitted with heat pumps that use vapor-compression pump cycles. These heat pumps allow household heating since they allow heat transfer from the cooler outside environment into the warmer inside. These pumps are often used in moderate climate areas since they remain efficient compared to electrical resistors given that the outside temperatures do not drop to very low levels (N.A, 2010). Since the equipment, as well as the working fluid, is very light, they are used as air conditioners in passenger aircrafts. Moreover, they are also used in cargo planes that transport perishable products such as fruits and vegetables. However, thermoelectric

Obligation Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Obligation Assessment - Essay Example The case is having a history which is stated below. Plaintiffs one and two were married during 1986 and wished to buy a weekend house which they were ready to procure if no excessive repairs were required. They had seen the house Nutford Farm House, Blandford, Dorset. Both the plaintiffs were happy with the house and wished to buy it. Mrs. Marrow conducted the survey on it and sent her report stating that there is no requirement for much repairs and stated some defects were seen in that house. The plaintiffs were willing to buy a house at a cost up to  £170,000, but were not ready to spend any more for repair. Depending and trusting the report forwarded by Mrs. Morrow, the couple decided to buy Nutford Farm House. The asking cost for the house was set at  £175,000, as there was another client ready to buy it offering a price of  £177,500 and the couple bought the property. The situation changed after entering for living in that house. The hide out stated as â€Å"overall dwell ing house to be sound, stable and in good condition† (Stephen, Ralph & Bingham, 1991, p.3) by Mrs. Morrow turned out to be a structure requiring much monetary expense for normal make up. The â€Å"eradication of wood borer in roofing timbers† (Stephen, Ralph & Bingham, 1991, p.3) was actually necessitating â€Å"the roof was due for renewal with felting, rebattening and retiling† (Stephen, Ralph & Bingham, 1991, p.4) and â€Å"minor works of eradicating continued dampness in ground floor walls† (Stephen, Ralph & Bingham, 1991, p.4) was actually shown as â€Å"the first floor timbers needed specialist woodworm treatment and refixing of firring pieces with extensive renewal of floor boarding† (Stephen, Ralph & Bingham, 1991, p.4) also with other works which were not mentioned in Mrs. Morrow’s report of survey. This indicates the fact â€Å"surveyors report negligently failing to disclose defects† (Stephen, Ralph & Bingham, 1991, p.1) whi ch should be trialled under

Anguil Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Anguil - Research Paper Example The company won the prestigious United States Chamber of Commerce award which s fitted to the best managed company in a given year. The company underwent major changes in its leadership structure in the year 2008 with Gen Anguil retaining his CEO positions but with fewer responsibilities. Chris Anguil who at the time was the Vice President in charge of Sales and Marketing became the President of the company while Deb Anguil who until then served as the Vice President of the Operations became the Chief Operating Officer. The company is being driven by its slogan which states, â€Å"Committed to Cleaner Air† that has motivated it over the years to develop a complete understanding of the processes of each customer as well as acquisition of a thorough knowledge on the application of the regulatory requirements. As a company dealing with thermal and catalytic oxidizers, the company offers a wide range of technologically advanced air pollution control products which are used in the abatement process of industrial emissions. Various forms of industrial emissions include Volatile Organic Compounds, odors and Hazardous Air pollutants. The company engages in the manufacturing of equipment, their installation as well as process analysis. In order to promote good customer relations, it ensures a 24 hour post sale service so as to ensure that their products operate effectively to the satisfaction of the customers. In offering industrial energy and heat recovery solutions, the company offers a unique blend of time-tested means of energy regulation as well as modern innovative approaches to such initiatives. The company designs manufacture as well as install energy recovery systems. The systems are geared towards reducing the operation costs of the customers, lowering their energy consumptions as well as maximizing on their revenues. The readily available energy recovery and heat transfer systems include air to steam exchangers,

Obligation Assessment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Obligation Assessment - Essay Example The case is having a history which is stated below. Plaintiffs one and two were married during 1986 and wished to buy a weekend house which they were ready to procure if no excessive repairs were required. They had seen the house Nutford Farm House, Blandford, Dorset. Both the plaintiffs were happy with the house and wished to buy it. Mrs. Marrow conducted the survey on it and sent her report stating that there is no requirement for much repairs and stated some defects were seen in that house. The plaintiffs were willing to buy a house at a cost up to  £170,000, but were not ready to spend any more for repair. Depending and trusting the report forwarded by Mrs. Morrow, the couple decided to buy Nutford Farm House. The asking cost for the house was set at  £175,000, as there was another client ready to buy it offering a price of  £177,500 and the couple bought the property. The situation changed after entering for living in that house. The hide out stated as â€Å"overall dwell ing house to be sound, stable and in good condition† (Stephen, Ralph & Bingham, 1991, p.3) by Mrs. Morrow turned out to be a structure requiring much monetary expense for normal make up. The â€Å"eradication of wood borer in roofing timbers† (Stephen, Ralph & Bingham, 1991, p.3) was actually necessitating â€Å"the roof was due for renewal with felting, rebattening and retiling† (Stephen, Ralph & Bingham, 1991, p.4) and â€Å"minor works of eradicating continued dampness in ground floor walls† (Stephen, Ralph & Bingham, 1991, p.4) was actually shown as â€Å"the first floor timbers needed specialist woodworm treatment and refixing of firring pieces with extensive renewal of floor boarding† (Stephen, Ralph & Bingham, 1991, p.4) also with other works which were not mentioned in Mrs. Morrow’s report of survey. This indicates the fact â€Å"surveyors report negligently failing to disclose defects† (Stephen, Ralph & Bingham, 1991, p.1) whi ch should be trialled under

The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 Essay

The Records of the Parliaments of Scotland to 1707 - Essay Example Indeed there was a specific message conveyed in the document and this was meant to be conveyed to a specified audience. The generalized essence of the message was to create a ratification of an existing document of fact. In the present day, it could be said that the message was a rejoinder to an existing publication as it sought to set the record straight with an existing line of reasoning or belief (Greenhouse, 2005). The existing publication was on the sale and alienation of a suspected earldom to an identified Archibald. The existing line of belief was that Thomas Fleming had sold the earldom to Sir Archibald Douglas and the present writer felt that there was something about this that needed to be corrected. The most immediate audience of the document could, therefore, be identified to be all people who had had knowledge of the previous document, referred to in this instance as a charter and all people who would have access to the ratified document that had been created. The write r actually made the course of an audience of the document very clear as he stated that â€Å"To all who [see or read] this charter, etc.,† (Brown et al, 2007). The document carries specified information to authenticate the sale of earldom from Thomas Fleming to Sir Archibald de Douglas. Essentially, the writer seeks to clear all forms of doubt that may exist with people that the said sale had not been completed or was fraudulent. The writer there makes it clear that evidence of the transfer of power to Sir Archibald de Douglas still exists and that this is a clear indication that all forms of doubt could be cleared. In regards to the authenticity of the existing evidence, therefore, the writer states that â€Å"...and sealed by the seal of the said Thomas Fleming, neither canceled, damaged, erased nor destroyed and not distrusted in any of its parts† (Brown et al, 2007).

How Market Systems Cope With Economic Scarcity Economics Essay

How Market Systems Cope With Economic Scarcity Economics Essay Contrast how a market system and a command economy try to cope with economic scarcity. A market system is also known as the free market economy or laissez-faire economy. In market system, household owns the resources and allocate them in the course of the workings of price mechanism. If there is an increase in demand, the price of a good will rises and it will encourages firms to switch extra resources of that certain manufacture of the good or service. Households depend on their income to determine the amount of products they consume and market value of an individuals work will decide households income. There is a limited role for the government in a free market system. This is because government tries to protect the property rights of people and business via the legal system. Besides, the value of currency can be protected with intervene of government. The result is competition and widely dispersed economic power. While in the command system, government owns most property resources. The government also gets to make the economic decision through a central economic plan. The central economic planning board determines production goals for each enterprise and specifics the amount of resources to be allocated. The income and wealth distribution is decided by the government too. In this system, market price plays no part in informing property allocation decisions. For each stock in the stock market, the number of shares sold daily equals the number of shares purchased. That is, the quantity of each firms shares demanded equals the quantity supplied. So, if this equality always occurs, why do the prices of stock shares ever change? The prices of stock shares always change is because there is supply and demand like everything else. The additional buyers there are for the stock, the higher the price as the supply of stock shares is for all time fixed. On the other hand, then stock prices will go down when there are more sellers. Both prospective buyers and sellers each of them willing to buy or sell a number of shares base on the stock price in any given stock trading session. If the quantity of shares demanded exceeds the quantity of shares supplied at the current price, the buyers must raise their price offers to encourage sellers to offer enough shares. This situation will cause the price of shares to rise until the quantity demanded equals the quantity supplied. The situation is called the market equilibrium. Now, if there is a report of bad economic news during the shares trading session, the sellers may try to sell out more shares than buyers demanded at the current price. In order to make a quick sale and to find more buyers, the sellers now will lower the selling price of the shares. There will be multiple equilibrium prices going on any trading day, but most of them do not last more than a couple of minutes. In general, demand and supply will affect the change of shares prices. Price Quantity SS DD P0 Q0 In November 1998, Vincent van Goghs self-portrait sold at auction for $71.5 million. Illustrate this sale in a demand and supply diagram and determine the elasticity of supply of this portrait. D1 D0 Price P1 P0 SS Q0 Quantity This graph shows a perfectly inelastic vertical supply curve, at the quantity of 1 unit. The downward sloping demand curve intersected the supply curve is used to determine the price of the portrait which is $71.5 million. When the price increases from P0 to P1, the demand will increases from D0 to D1 where as the quantity supplied is remain unchanged. The demand would likely deceases extremely if there is more than one picture presented. For years a debate has raged between those who favor strategies for reducing the supply of illegal drugs and those who favor strategies designed to reduce demand for illegal drugs. With the aid of two graphs, comment on the situation above using the demand and supply equilibrium analysis. SS1 SS2 DD Price Quantity P1 P2 Q1 Q2 The graph above shows the relationship between demand and supply curve. When those who favors strategies for reducing the supply of illegal drugs, there would be a shift to the left in the supply curve, from SS1 to SS2. The government tries to reduce the supply of illegal drugs by providing subsidies to farmers. This will encourage formers to shift to other crops such as corn instead of crops that produce drugs. Besides, the increasing of border inspection and interdiction of illegal drugs will also affects the supply curve to shift left and upwards, so equilibrium will not achieve. This is due to the decrease in quantity supplied from Q1 to Q2; the price would increase from P1 to P2. This cause less people will buy because of the increases in price. SS P0 P1 Price Quantity Q0 Q1 DD1 DD0 The graph above shows the relationship between demand and supply curve. When those who favors strategies for reducing the demand of illegal drugs, there would be a shift to the left in the demand curve, from DD0 to DD1. The curve will shift to the left is because of government has introduce an educational campaign to explain the disadvantages to human health of illegal drugs. When the curve shift to left and downwards, the market equilibrium is no more achieved. The sales of the illegal drugs would reduce because the demand for illegal drugs has decrease from Q0 to Q1. There are calls from certain quarters proposing that legalizing illegal drugs is the best solution to combating illegal drugs problem. By legalizing illegal drugs, this will increase the amount of illegal drugs available in the market as drug sellers will no longer face prosecution. Addicts benefit too. With the aid of a graph, explain the situation above using the demand and supply equilibrium analysis. Price DD0 P P1 SS0 Quantity SS1 Q Q1 Legalizing illegal drugs will lead to the increases in quantity supply. As a result of this, the supply curve will shift to right from SS0 to SS1. When the supply curve shift to the right, the price of the illegal drugs will decreases from P to P, while the quantity supply will increases from Q to Q. Besides that, drug addicts gain advantages too not only because of the increases in supply but also the legalization of illegal drugs. Provide a counter-argument to the explanation given by the supporters of legalization. Firstly, illegal drugs should not be legalizing because it will only bring destructive effects to our health. It will cause addiction and it will slowly lead to crime. This is because the price of illegal drugs is not cheap and not many addicts can afford it. As a result of not having enough money, addicts will commit all sorts of crimes in order to get money to buy those drugs. If illegal drugs are supported to be legalizing, there would cause a massive numbers of crime rates in the country. People might use drugs to rape, steal or even start a war. Drugs only benefits the addicts as it will cause problem to the government. Government would have to import those drugs from other country and it surely causes a big sum. This will affect the governments financial and the countrys economy. Imagine you are selling a new product in the market. Explain more on the product that you are selling from these aspects: Description of the product that you are selling The product that I am selling is the new model of touch screen laptop. This touch screen laptop is slim and the weight is lighter than normal laptop. Therefore it is very to carry around. This product is aim towards young adults that are working and students that are still studying. With this product, they can carry to their work place and even to schools. Besides, this product also comes with various colors. Consumers can choose the color of the product according to each liking. This product also includes: Bluetooth Built- in GPS system Webcam Water resistant Cold resistant Support Windows 98/XP/Vista/7 6- cell Li- ion battery 4GB RAM Memory How the product is produced or acquired The product is produce in local factory which will be using the modern technology. The internal components for this product will be imported from other country such as America. On the other hand, the external part is supplied by local production. Metal is one of the main resources for this product. Metal is needed in a large amount to produce the laptop. While touch screens are imported from Japan with their high- tech LCD touch screen. The demand aspect of this product e.g. pricing strategies, the threat of competitors, factors affecting demand for this product etc. Pricing Strategies I would use the Price Skimming method which the price is charged higher because this product will have substantial competitors. The high price is to attract more new rivals into the market. Therefore, the price will fall inevitably due to the increase of supply. The price will be set to RM2500. When there are more competitors in the market, I would now change my strategy to economy pricing. Threat of Competitors This touch screen laptop biggest threat is other big company like Acer, HP and also Sony. Although the other competitors are more well recognize, but I believe that my product is better in terms of pricing and functions that are available. Besides, other companies tend to have bigger budget or capital to invest in new product. Therefore it is one biggest threat to my new touch screen laptop. Factors Affecting Demand As for the factors affecting the demand would be the consumers choices and preferences. Consumers taste will be the main factors for the demand curve because it will affect the price as well. Besides, consumers income will contribute to the changes on the demand curve of this product too. If their income increases, they would most likely be able to afford this product. As a result to it, the demand for this product will increase. Elasticity of demand of the product The demand of the product

Formal Analysis of Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown Essay -- Young Good

A Formal Analysis of Young Goodman Brown Nathaniel Hawthorne's "Young Goodman Brown" is an interesting short story that creatively tells two stories at once. One story is of a man leaving his wife one night and venturing into the woods, and the other is of his struggle with his religious faith. In reading this story, it is beneficial for one to look at it from a formalistic point of view. Formal analysis makes the reader look closely at how a story is written to see its deeper meaning. Hawthorne takes advantage of careful word choice and images to create a picture of one man's journey that can easily parallel our own. The word choice of every story plays a key role in understanding the story. In "Young Goodman Brown" almost every word contains a special meaning. The title Hawthorne gives to his story is simple and informative; it tells the reader right away that the focus of the story is a young man. The use of the name Brown is also significant. The name is universal so that it can relate to anyone (Rhetoric 102L class discussion, January 15 2001). The fact that his title is Goodman, instead of Mister, suggests that it took place around colonial times. The name of his wife, Faith, is a clue held in the opening paragraph of the text that gives the reader and idea of what the story is about. Though out the story Goodman Brown says phrases such as, "Faith kept me back a while," which on the surface looks as though he is talking about his wife; however just below the surface he is talking about how his faith in God that kept him from heading towards the Devil. (HCAL 376). Caref... ...odman Brown goes is also significant. The Puritans believed that the witches and even the Devil lived in the woods, which can be a hint foreshadowing what Goodman Brown will find in the forest. "Young Goodman Brown" is full of carefully selected words. Each place, item, and name described is significant to the story. The word, faith, has two functions, a name and a belief. Images such as the pink ribbons and the staff are useful for more than their everyday function. Hawthorne knows the power of words and chooses wisely, thus creating a story that, when looked at beyond the surface, has a completely new meaning. - (Guerin, Wilfered; Labor, Earle; Morgan, Lee; Reesman, Jeanne; Willingham, John, A Handbook of Critical Appraches to Literature, New York, Oxford University Press, 1999.)

Essay example --

â€Å"National Socialism: A Menace† (1932) by Ewald Von Kleist-Schmenzin and â€Å"Hitler and Christianity† (1931) are accounts that argued how National Socialism as a new ideology was a threat to the German nation as well as people. These two excerpts are found in Neil Gregor’s Nazism, published by Oxford University Press in 2000. Both authors focus on the issue of race, religion, and political hostility to show how Nazism could become a political ideology that is threatening to anyone considered an enemy as well as peace in the German state and Europe. Ewald Von Kleist-Schmenzin’s â€Å"National Socialism: A Menace† is centered on the idea that National Socialism is a recipe for disaster for the people of Germany. We see this idea in the first paragraph where Schmenzin says, â€Å"the impact of National Socialism is assuming dimensions that threaten our future.† He bases this prediction on his view that National Socialism was turning regular people into violent fanatics. One example of this transformation is seen when Schmenzin described how National Socialism changed the minds of â€Å"workers, who were originally just rationalistically minded.† Another example would be how this new ideology turned the Nationalists and Social Democrats into fierce enemies creating an environment of extreme political polarity. Schmenzin also argues that one of the party’s main objectives is to obtain strict loyalty from the people. Schmenzin says, â€Å"the flow of followers to Hitler is largely a movement of fear and desperation†¦many of them put all their hopes in Hitler and do not want to see the shortcoming of National Socialism.† He also argued heavily of how the National Socialists were rejecting religion to be replaced with the concept of race. According to Schmen... ...e source by Alfons Wild is more compelling because his arguments are presented in the form of logic. He used the fact of how Christianity discourages war and then shows how Hitler believes in a strong military. Wild also shows how race plays a major role in the National Socialist movement because the Aryan race â€Å"has a higher right to life than other races,†v which Wild defines as hate. He combines both these ideas of violence and hatred to explain how National Socialism was not a Christian movement. Schmenzin and Wild’s excerpts contained in Gregor’s Nazism give an idea of what people who opposed National Socialism thought and how they argued the dangerous aspects of Nazism as well as Hitler. The fact that both Authors wrote these excerpts in the early 1930s shows how National Socialism looked unattractive to some even before it gained political power in Germany.

Visionary Leadership In Health Health And Social Care Essay

In much of the underdeveloped universe, there is a broad spread between what has been achieved and what is desired in wellness. Technologies are available to turn to the assorted wellness concerns which may assist in accomplishing the many health-related ends. But this has non happened. The World Health Organisation ‘s ( WHO ) Framework for Action[ 1 ]underscores the importance of beef uping wellness systems to better wellness results. There is a demand to stress the function of establishment edifice in wellness systems in so that entree and quality of available wellness services can be improved[ 2 ]. However, a losing piece of this triangulation of critical factors for accomplishing coveted wellness results may good be found in a airy leading. In Section Two of this chapter, a instance is made for beef uping leading in wellness as the success in bettering wellness has been unequal. Advancement has been slow in accomplishing several health-related Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) every bit good as turn toing catching or non-communicable diseases or wellness sector reforms. Most reappraisals of advancement have showed a deficiency of leading and political will, and argued for greater leading that could take to enhanced policy attending and resources which would ensue in targeted effectual plans or accomplishing planetary criterions such as the Millennium Development Goals ( MDGs ) . The demand for beef uping leading is non new or limited to developing states. In 1994, Milbank Memorial Fund organized a meeting around â€Å" leading in public wellness †[ 3 ]. In the debut of the study, Daniel M. Fox and William L. Roper sum up the positions of participants and writers as follows: The writers of these documents agree that jobs of leading contribute to the trouble of doing and implementing policy to better the wellness of the American populace. By leading they mean the capacity of professionals to work efficaciously during long callings in a assortment of organisations that command resources and favourable attending from elected functionaries and the general populace. The writers, along with many of their co-workers among senior public wellness professionals, believe that more effectual leading would better the interlingual rendition of bing cognition about the bar and control of disease into policies that lead to longer and healthier lives. Leaderships can do a difference, as discussed in Section Three of this chapter. A instance of a leader doing a difference in the operation of wellness Centre in a province in India is presented. Many such illustrations abound in the literature[ 4 ]. A recent illustration of leading ‘s function in Senegal ‘s determination to offer free wellness attention is discussed. What do leaders necessitate to make? While a deficiency of equal resources is frequently mentioned as a cardinal barrier to accomplishing better consequences but illustrations in Section Four contradict this. We foremost discuss an illustration where a adult female ‘s life was saved despite gestation complications. The experience of Sri Lanka with cut downing maternal mortality shows what can be achieved in resource-constrained scenes. Similarly, several states have achieved singular success in change by reversaling or forestalling spread of HIV including Thailand, Uganda and Senegal. Practices which led to their success have been analyzed by UNAIDS. We map these patterns through a leading position taking to results of shared vision, aligned values, coordinated practices/ behaviours and leveraged resources of the wellness system. This is the result leaders need to accomplish.Inadequate Progress in Bettering Health: Case for Strengthened LeadershipThe Millennium Development Goal sIn 2000, the 189 United Nations Member States met at the Millennium Summit and adopted eight ends and 18 marks to battle poorness, hungriness, disease, favoritism against adult females, debasement of land, and illiteracy. The universe development community is challenged to accomplish MDGs by 2015. The Millennium Declaration ( paras 11 and 12 ) provinces[ 5 ]: â€Å" We will save no attempt to liberate our fellow work forces, adult females and kids from the abject and dehumanizing conditions of utmost poorness, to which more than a billion of them are presently subjected. We are committed to doing the right to development a world for everyone and to liberating the full human race from privation. We resolve hence to make an environment – at the national and planetary degrees – which is contributing to development and to the riddance of poorness. † Three of the eight MDGs are wellness related ends ( Table 1 ) : kid mortality ( MDG 4 ) , maternal wellness ( MDG 5 ) and HIV/AIDS ( MDG 6 ) . In add-on, gender ( MDG 3 ) is a cross-cutting issue that impacts many wellness issues including the three above. Other MDGs such as poorness and instruction have a strong correlated relationship with the societal determiners of wellness. Table 1. The Millennium Development Goals No Goals 1 Eradicate utmost poorness and hungriness 2 Achieve cosmopolitan primary instruction 3 Promote gender equality and empower adult females 4 Reduce kid mortality 5 Improve maternal wellness 6 Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases 7 Ensure environmental sustainability 8 Develop a planetary partnership for development Beginning: UN. The Millennium Development Goals Report 2011Inadequate Progress towards Health Millennium Development GoalsA speedy reappraisal in 2004 reveals that most states were non on path to make wellness related MDGs. Harmonizing to the World Bank[ 6 ], South Asia was off path on six ends: gender equality, cosmopolitan primary school completion, kid mortality, maternal mortality, catching diseases and sanitation. East Asia and the Pacific part as a whole were away path on kid mortality, maternal mortality and catching diseases. Merely about a 4th of all states in the South and East Asia and the Pacific were on path to accomplish under-five mortality rate where merely 9.7 per centum people in South Asia and 17.4 per centum people in East Asia and the Pacific part live in these states. This state of affairs is even worse for maternal mortality, where less than 15 per centum of the states were on path to make this end. Although recent estimations for kid mortality vary, appraisals have highlighted that several states are off-track to accomplish the MDG 4 which calls for a two-thirds decrease in mortality in kids younger than 5 old ages between 1990 and 2015. It is estimated that world-wide mortality in kids younger than 5 old ages has dropped from 11.9 million deceases in 1990 to 7.7 million deceases in 2010, a per twelvemonth diminution of approximately 2.1 % compared to 4.4 % per twelvemonth needed to accomplish MDG 4[ 7 ]. Examination of distribution of annual rates of alteration in under-5 mortality shows that the MDG 4 mark of decrease rate of 4.4 % per twelvemonth corresponds to public presentation of states at the 67 percentile degree ; clearly a stretch mark. This distribution of advancement for kid mortality besides highlights that explosions of rapid diminution are possible. The survey by Rajratnam et Al. ( 2010 ) suggests that, â€Å" For illustration, 66 states have decreased child mor tality by more than 30 % in merely 5 old ages during the period of this survey † . Such singular diminution provides hope that accelerated advancement is possible. These robust estimations of mortality in kids younger than 5 old ages show that accelerated diminutions are happening in several low income states. These positive developments suggest that the advancement can be accelerated in hapless states but may necessitate to turn to leading challenges taking to heighten policy attending and resources which would consequences in targeted effectual plans. The MDG 5 purposes to better maternal wellness with a end of cut downing maternal mortality ratio ( MMR ) , figure of maternal deceases per 100,000 unrecorded births, by 75 % between 1990 and 2015. It therefore seeks to accomplish a 5.5 % one-year diminution in MMR from 1990. The recent UN study[ 8 ]estimated that globally the one-year per centum diminution in MMR between 1990 and 2008 was merely 2.3 % , less than half of what is needed to accomplish the MDG 5. An estimated 358,000 maternal deceases occurred worldwide in 2008, a 34 % diminution from the degree of 1990. The UN Report goes on to state, â€Å" The modest and encouraging advancement in cut downing maternal mortality is likely due to increased attending to developing and implementing policies and schemes aiming increased entree to effectual intercessions. Such attempts need to be expanded and intensified to speed up advancement towards cut downing the still really broad disparities between developing and developed states . † We will subsequently on discourse how Sri Lanka was able to halve their MMR in approximately 7 to 10 old ages and associate it to how leading challenges were addressed. Advancement at this gait in cut downing MMR would hold been equal to accomplish the MDG 5. This clearly shows that much needed leading was non forthcoming. Nowhere is the influence of leading more seeable than for HIV/AIDS plans, peculiarly by people populating with HIV ( PLHIV ) . The consequences are seeable in advancement towards a mark of MDG 6 which aims to â€Å" Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria and other diseases. † The UN study[ 9 ]on advancement towards MDG 6 suggests that against the mark – to halve infections by 2015 and get down to change by reversal the spread of HIV/AIDS – the spread of HIV appears to hold stabilized in most parts, and more people on antiretroviral intervention ( ART ) are lasting longer. The study says, â€Å" The latest epidemiological information indicates that, globally, the spread of HIV appears to hold peaked in 1996, when 3.5 million people were freshly infected. By 2008, that figure had dropped to an estimated 2.7 million. † However, much more is required for quickly cut downing the new infections. Advancement is besides seeable towards the 6th mark – have halted by 2015 and begun to change by reversal the incidence of malaria and other major diseases – mostly driven by external attending and resources as evinced by formation of the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, TB and Malaria. The UN study says, â€Å" Sustained malaria control is cardinal to accomplishing many of the MDGs, and available informations show important advancement in scaling up bar and intervention attempts. † The study concludes, † more attending demands to be given to guaranting success in big states that account for most malaria instances and deceases if the MDG mark is to be reached. † The external influence on big states is likely to be restrained and more vigorous in-country leading is needed to turn to disease load due to malaria. The advancement on TB is edging frontward as incidence rate per capita continues to worsen easy. The UN study concludes, â€Å" If current tendencies are sustained, the universe as a whole will hold already achieved the MDG mark of halting and change by reversaling the incidence of TB in 2004. † However, because of deficiency of entree to high quality attention, TB remains a 2nd of import cause for the figure of people it kills. In 2008, 1.8 million people died from this disease. The MDGs passed the 12th twelvemonth grade in 2012 and there are three old ages to travel before the mark twelvemonth 2015. There has been progress but it has been uneven and patchy. For case, where there have been motions towards accomplishments of MDG marks, there was grounds that leading was vigorous and contributed towards actions for coveted wellness results. So, this is the chance and leading challenge for accomplishing MDGs by 2015.Non-Communicable DiseasesAlthough no specific MDGs were set for non-communicable diseases ( NCDs ) , they are a cause of the bulk of deceases, and the planetary disease load of NCDs is increasing. The Lancet NCD Action Group and the NCD Alliance say[ 10 ]that there is a demand to make a sustained planetary engagement against premature deceases and preventable morbidity and disablement from NCDs, chiefly bosom disease, shot, malignant neoplastic disease, diabetes and chronic respiratory diseases. It proposed five overarching precedence actions for the response to the crisis – leading, bar, intervention, international cooperation, and monitoring and answerability – and the bringing of five precedence intercessions – baccy control, salt decrease, improved diets and physical activity, decrease in risky intoxicants intake, and indispensable drugs and engineerings. The study goes on to state, â€Å" The first cardinal action for success is strong and sustained political leading at the higher national and international degrees†¦ .. Individual title-holders and politicians will besides necessitate to take a leading function. The wellness sector has a prima function in reacting to NCDs but many other authorities sectors including finance, agribusiness, foreign personal businesss and trade, justness, instruction, urban design and conveyance, have to be portion of the whole-of-government response, along with civil society and private sector. † Clearly the wellness plan leading of NCDs would hold to travel beyond their zone of influence to these other sectors.Health SectorHealth sector is confronting many challenges due to medical progresss every bit good as rapid epidemiological and economic passages, although their nature and strength vary from state to state. All wellness systems are fighting to incorporate costs while bettering wellne ss equity. Such a state of affairs, in bend, poses many challenges for leaders of wellness sector. An independent Commission on the Education of Health Professionals for the twenty-first Century called for a 3rd coevals of wellness professionals that should be system-based to better the public presentation of wellness systems[ 11 ]. The acquisition of wellness professionals need to travel from enlightening to formative to transformative acquisition. Enlightening acquisition is about geting cognition and accomplishments. Formative acquisition is about socialising pupils around values ; its intent is to bring forth professionals. Transformative acquisition is about developing leading attributes ; its intent is to bring forth enlightened alteration agents. The ultimate intent is to guarantee cosmopolitan coverage of the high quality comprehensive services that are indispensable to progress chance for wellness equity within and between states. Health sector reforms require non merely top degree political leading but besides leading of wellness sector at assorted degrees. This calls for leading to do a difference in wellness and, thereby, accelerate advancement in accomplishing MDGs.Leaderships Can Make a DifferenceLeaderships can make itCase study 1: Chainpur Primary Health Centre, Jharkhand, India The Chainpur primary wellness Centre ( PHC ) is located about three kilometres from the territory infirmary in Palamu territory of Jharkhand province in India[ 12 ]. In 2006, the PHC was in bad form. Grass had grown in the PHC compound and the manus pump had rusted from non-use. Very few people used the PHC services. Dr. A, medical officer in-charge ( MOIC ) , and his co-worker, Dr. G felt that non much could be done. â€Å" Who will come to Chainpur when you can travel to territory infirmary in 20 proceedingss? â€Å" , they said to a sing squad from an academic institute to discourse engagement of Dr. A in a leading development and organisation effectivity plan ( LDOE ) being launched with support from a giver. Despite his reserves, Dr. A agreed to take part. Through two round tables of preparation and during follow-up by LDOE squad, several thoughts for betterment were discussed and routinely rejected as it was felt that â€Å" non much could be done † . However, Drs. A and G began to experience that something should be done. As a portion of the preparation, Dr. A participated in advanced leading preparation in Malaysia and was inspired by the operation of the Malaysian wellness system during a field visit. Dr. A motivated his co-worker Dr. G that they would seek to better the PHC. As financess were available from the National Rural Health Mission ( NRHM ) , their first effort was to better the so moribund bringing room. Women ‘s feedback was used to better quality of installations and do services user-friendly. For case, payment of inducements for institutional bringing under a national strategy was given before the adult females left for place after bringing. As territory infirmary was nigh, adult females with complications of gestation could be easy referred at that place. Consequently the figure of bringings increased significantly. The layout of outpatient waiting room was improved. Benchs were provided and a little Television and purified H2O dispenser was installed with community part. These and other steps, despite being modest in nature, led the District Health Officer to praise Chainpur PHC and urge other medical officers to see it and detect its operation. A journalist visited Chainpur PHC and wrote about it in a newspaper. This became a theoretical account known as ‘Chainpur Model ‘ in Palamu territory. Take Home Messages on leading: Chainpur PHC What did it take to originate a alteration? What did it take to do a alteration? What were the costs and benefits?Leaderships Can Get It DoneCase Study 2: How did Sierra Leone Provide Free Health Care? On 27 April 2010, Sierra Leone started free wellness attention for pregnant adult females, new female parents, and immature kids. John Donnelly took an in-depth expression at how the war-worn state managed it[ 13 ]. In November 2009, Koroma, the president of Sierra Leone announced at a givers ‘ conference in London that he is originating a free health-care program on 27 April 2010, merely five months off, which coincided with the 49th day of remembrance of the state ‘s independency from Great Britain. Now, one twelvemonth subsequently, the consequences are in: the free health-care program has well increased services for female parents, and peculiarly for kids. The figure of kids treated for malaria, for case, has approximately tripled from the old twelvemonth, a dramatic illustration of how the deficiency of money proved to be a barrier to attention. â€Å" What happened in Sierra Leone was breathtaking † , said Rob Yates, senior wellness economic expert at the UK ‘s Department of International Development ( DfID ) a month after the launch. Yates has advised several authoritiess in Africa on establishing free health-care enterprises. â€Å" In five months, they were able to make a systematic reform in the Sierra Leone wellness system † , he said. â€Å" They had leading that galvanized the whole system. We have n't realized the full importance of what they have done. The planning was more thorough than any I have seen. Other authoritiess can larn from Sierra Leone. † In Sierra Leone, the cardinal factor, harmonizing to those interviewed, was the president: he put the health-care directive at the top of his precedence list. Political will drove the procedure. Although giver community was ab initio loath, they were willing to follow. There were other important factors. The Ministry of Health and Sanitation, which was responsible for execution of the enterprise, was fortunate to hold cardinal leaders in proficient places, such as the main medical officer, the manager of generative wellness services, and the caput of human resources. They took on extra duties at a clip when the ministry was without a curate. This was critical to the success of the free wellness attention program. They motivated people and played the function of wellness diplomat. One of them, although cognizing what had to be done, did non follow a direct nature of taking. It was compromising, warm and friendly. It was, ‘Do you think we could make this? ‘ alternatively of ‘Why the snake pit has this non happened? † Another took on the function of ministry interpreter for free wellness attention. Merely before the launch of free wellness attention, he went on wireless shows and keep imperativeness conferences. Cardinal leaders in the ministry were assigned territories and each travelled to the countries a twosome of yearss before the launch. The attempt to convey free wellness attention to Sierra Leone was non easy or simple, and ministry functionaries readily admit to doing incorrect determinations at assorted points. But to do the enterprise a success, tonss of people worked long hours for months toward a individual end that they believed in. Take Home Messages on leading: Sierra Leone ‘s Free Health Care Plan What and who made the difference? What resources were most important? What were the costs and benefits?Leaderships Know What Needs to be DoneCase Study 3: Woman whose life was saved: Overcoming Adversity at Maternal and Pre-natal Clinic, Tarapoto Regional Health Centre, San Martin[ 14 ] Rosa Diaz Barboza is a occupant of the Tabalosos territory in San Martin. At 18 old ages of age, Rosa was a merrily married adult female settling down to life with her new hubby and life on the farm and anticipating her first kid. Her distant place is located three hours from the closest wellness station, which is merely accessible by pes and even so, when it rains, the route is sometimes wholly out of use and no 1 is able to acquire in or out. However, despite all these geographical troubles, during the first trimester of Rosa ‘s gestation, outreach attempts by the regional wellness Centres were able to acquire to Rosa and she received antenatal instruction and attention. During a everyday prenatal visit, it was discovered that Rosa ‘s gestation could be a high hazard one due to several factors including anaemia. Taking into consideration the possible geographical troubles, deficiency of equipment and qualified staff, Rosa was referred to the wellness Centre in San Juan de Talliquihui where she could be attended to by non merely a nurse but besides a qualified clinical accoucheuse. At the 8th month of her gestation, Rosa and her hubby began the long journey to San Juan which involved a three-hour trek uphill to make the closest route. In San Juan, they stayed with relations and Rosa ‘s hubby picked up uneven occupations to get down salvaging money for the new babe. At the wellness clinic, Rosa was checked every hebdomad and everything seemed to be come oning usually. Nevertheless, clinic staff continuously praised Rosa and her hubby for be aftering in front. In the early hours of 25 June, Rosa began holding labour strivings and the accoucheuse was called instantly who confirmed that she was so in active labour. At 8:30 am, Rosa was transported to the wellness Centre where they were met by the Ob/Gyn Nurse. By 9:30 am, Rosa was ready to give birth but unluckily, the lone comfy bed in the Centre was occupied so, she was forced to give birth on difficult board which made the labour procedure even more painful. At 10:09 am, Luzmirella was born – she took her first breath and allow out a loud cry. She appeared healthy and normal and Rosa seemed to be managing the state of affairs good. Everyone was relieved and Rosa ‘s hubby rapidly ran place for a pillow and cover for his married woman. Forty proceedingss subsequently, the nurse observed that Rosa ‘s placenta had still non been expelled and she was shed blooding somewhat. Concerned by her anterior anaemia diagnosing and, to be on the safe side, she decided to get down the protocol to forestall daze ( low-risk degree ) ( Red ALERT-a really successful series of first assistance protocols for the bar of daze developed by the regional wellness Centre ) and tried to pull out the placenta manually but she was unsuccessful. At that point, she gathered the household members and suggested that they take Rosa to the infirmary in Cunumbuque. This infirmary, located an hr and a half off by auto, has a physician on call 24 hours a twenty-four hours. Initially, Rosa refused to travel stating she would instead decease than be moved in her current status. After bespeaking privateness with his married woman, Rosa ‘s hubby pleaded with her stating if non for him, she had to make it for their kid. At this point, Rosa agreed to the transportation. San Juan is a rural, distant town and as such, community leaders have developed eventuality programs for exigencies. For this state of affairs, they decided to make two things: communicate via CB wirelesss with people populating along the main road to inform them about the exigency and to bespeak a vehicle which can take a piece and, direct person to the infirmary to return with the infirmary ‘s ambulance. Due to the communities ‘ valiant attempts, by 12:30pm, Rosa was on her manner to the infirmary. At this point, she was shed blooding to a great extent and all the nurse could make was go on with protocol, administer injections of saline solution and massage Rosa ‘s venters. Rosa was hectic and non antiphonal, and she slipped in and out of consciousness. At 1:30 autopsy, over 3.5 hours after giving birth, they got Rosa to the infirmary in Cunumbuque. By this clip, she was wholly non-responsive and had lost all centripetal feelings. Doctors at that place instantly transferred her to the operating room where they tried a manual extraction of the placenta, which at this point was half manner out. After 30 proceedingss, the physician decided that Rosa needed specialized attending by a qualified sawbones with the necessary equipment. With IVs in both weaponries to forestall utmost daze due the profuse blood loss, Rosa was transferred once more to the Maternity and Prenatal Clinic and, it was at that place that at 4:00pm, the placenta was eventually extracted and Rosa was given over 4 litres of blood. The physician who finally removed the placenta, said it was due to ALL the actions taken by all the parties involved that saved Rosa ‘s life: from the wellness booster who encouraged Rosa to travel to the wellness station to, the adult male who practically ran all the manner to the infirmary to acquire the ambulance and the nurse who massaged Rosa ‘s belly for 2 hours. The little room where Rosa was instantly moved to was a drab assemblage boulder clay she opened her eyes and asked for her babe. Presently, Rosa and her hubby are be aftering Luzmirella ‘s first birthday party in June. They plan on ask foring all the hospital staff who helped guarantee that Luzmirella, a healthy, boisterous 11 month old can really observe her first and hopefully many more birthdays. Table 1 examines the factors related to the recovery of Rosa. Family/ family, community and authorities wellness system non merely coordinated their responses but besides leveraged resources available to them. These in bend were guided by shared vision about life being cherished and valued maternal wellness.Table 1. Success Factors related to the Recovery of RosaIndividual/ HouseholdCommunityGovernment Health SystemVision Woman ‘s life is cherished Save life when there are gestation complications Save life Valuess Proper wellness attention can salvage life during gestation complications Pregnancy complications need to be addressed Continuum of attention Practices Stay near the wellness installation when gestation was due Implement a eventuality program Health suppliers, nurse, physician all do that is needed Resources Family contributes its resources Community members contributes its labour. Health system uses all available resources The above illustration shows that shared vision, aligned values, coordinated patterns and leveraging resources among individuals/ families, communities and wellness system can cut down maternal deceases. Achieving these is the map of leading as discussed below. Case Study 4: Reducing Maternal Mortality in Sri Lanka[ 15 ] It is good known that engineerings to accomplish health-related ends are available. However, resource deficits are frequently cited as barriers to accomplishing them but the World Bank survey of success of Sri Lanka ( Pathmanathan et. Al. 2003[ 16 ]) in cut downing maternal mortality illustrates importance of wellness systems development and the function of institutional development in bettering entree and quality of available maternal wellness services. The 5th MDGs of bettering maternal wellness has a mark of â€Å" Reducing the maternal mortality ratio by three-fourthss, between 1990 and 2015 † . Based on experiences in Sri Lanka and Malaysia for more than 5 decennaries, the World Bank survey concludes that â€Å" maternal mortality can be halved in developing states every 7 to 10 old ages † . So the above MDG is accomplishable, although the overall advancement in cut downing maternal mortality since the 1890ss, as we saw in Section 2 falls short of the end. What will it take to accomplish this MDG? The Sri Lankan survey shows that maternal mortality decrease is low-cost regardless of income degree and growing rate. The route to maternal mortality decrease fundamentally includes skilled birth attending during child birth, direction of exigencies and complications of gestation and kid birth, and supervising maternal deceases. The critical schemes of wellness systems development used by Sri Lanka for cut downing maternal mortality ratio is shown in Figure 1. It comprised: constructing a foundation for effectual pregnancy attention, taking barriers to entree and bettering use of available installations. The needed institutional alterations in nucleus and complementary establishments are: human resource development and direction, aiming the hapless, constructing a functional referral system, taking barriers to entree furthering community mobilisation, beef uping answerability, and better organisational direction including execution of progressively sophisticated monitoring system. Coincident betterments in back uping establishments through improved conveyance increased seasonably entree. The enabling establishments besides played a function. The early additions in female instruction and the authorization of adult females through the electoral procedure provided an environment that sustained political and managerial committedness to bettering maternal wellness every bit good as improved wellness attention seeking behaviour. Fiscal barriers to pregnancy attention were removed by the authorities ‘s political committedness and society ‘s outlooks of wellness and instruction services to be provided free of charge. Oversight establishments are besides known to hold complemented these attempts synergistically. Civil enrollment of births and deceases was governed by statute law, and maternal deceases were viewed with sufficient concern to justify particular coverage by the Registrar General. Figure 1 shows the conventional position of wellness system development for cut downing maternal mortality. However, as shown in Table 2, these can besides be seen from a leading position of making shared vision, alining values, organizing patterns and leveraging resources among individuals/ families, communities.Figure 1. Conventional Position:Health System Development for Reducing Maternal MortalityThe three schemes are mutualist Resource allotment Establishing solid foundation for effectual pregnancy attention Increasing entree to such attention Targeting the hapless Ensure appropriate use of available services through improved quality Governments can afford to supply the critical elements of pregnancy attention free of charge to the client. Local accoucheuses Supervisory nurse mid-wives backed by referral services for complications of gestation Rural focal point Remove physical, societal and fiscal barriers and foster community mobilisation Supportive supervising Accountability through preparation Better organisational direction including execution of progressively sophisticated monitoring system ‘ Systematic reactivity to public demands and outlooksTable 2: It Can be Done: Leadership PerspectiveUndertakings Household/family Community Health system Create shared vision Female instruction Sophisticated monitoring system and particular coverage Align values Authorization of adult females Political and managerial committedness Systematic reactivity to public demands and outlooks Coordinate patterns Remove physical, societal and fiscal barriers Mobilize community Supervisory nurse-midwives backed by a referral system for complications of gestation Leverage resources Improved conveyance Free of charge servicesLeaderships Know It Can Be Done – Leaderships ‘ Positions To Address HIV/AIDSBelow we discuss three states[ 17 ]which had achieved noteworthy success in battling HIV/AIDS in early phases of AIDS epidemic – Uganda, Senegal and Thailand – which have been documented by UNAIDS as best pattern instance surveies.UgandaUganda is one of the universe ‘s poorer states and one of the most badly affected by the HIV/AIDS epidemic. In 1998, it had 21 million people, with less than 14 % life in metropoliss. The gross national merchandise per capita was tantamount to about US $ 240. Entire HIV prevalence among grownups was over 8 % . Fortunately, Uganda is besides one of the African states where the HIV epidemic was recognized comparatively early and so prevention attempts were started on a national degree.[ 18 ] In 1986, the President publically acknowledged the state ‘s HIV/AIDS job and made a committedness to mobilising attempts against it. A national budget for the AIDS plan was established early in the epidemic. The state adopted a multi-sectoral attack. The Uganda AIDS Commission was set up in the Office of the President, and HIV/AIDS control plan were established in several authorities ministries, including the Ministry of Health. Different degrees of society were involved such as political, community and spiritual leaders. The Islamic Medical Association of Uganda supported community instruction on HIV/AIDS throughout the state, including the distribution of rubbers.[ 19 ]Radio messages on HIV/AIDS were broadcast widely. Condom societal selling services, backed by USAID, were implemented countrywide. HIV voluntary guidance and testing was made available extensively and outside the formal health-care service. Uganda ‘s success in HIV bar can be seen from the followers: Percentage of grownups infected declined from a extremum of approximately 14 % to approximately 6 % in 2003. Steep addition in rubber usage – the proportion of work forces who said that they had of all time used a rubber rose from 15 % to 55 % . Among adult females, the sum rose from 6 % to 39 % . Behavior alteration – Percentage sexually experienced work forces at age 18 fell from about 90 % in 1989 to 50 % in 1995.SenegalMuch has been written about the demand to step in early to halt the spread of HIV before it spreads to the general population. Senegal ‘s HIV bar plan has been extended and contains the elements of an effectual plan. There is good grounds that Senegal has maintained one of the lowest rates of infection in sub-Saharan Africa by altering the behaviour of many of its citizens.[ 20 ] Like Uganda, Senegal is non a rich state. In 1998, it had 9 million people, with 44 % life in towns. Per capita income was below US $ 600 a twelvemonth. Entire HIV prevalence among grownups was estimated at approximately 1.8 % . Senegal has long emphasized bar and primary wellness attention. Generative wellness and kid wellness are well-established precedences. In add-on, registered sex workers are required to hold regular wellness cheques, and are treated for any curable sexually transmitted infections ( STIs ) that are found. What was the response in Senegal? As in Uganda, politicians in Senegal were speedy to travel against the epidemic once the first instances appeared in the 2nd half of the 1980s. Since 93 % of Senegalese are Muslims, the authorities made attempts to affect spiritual leaders. HIV/AIDS became a regular subject in Friday discourses in mosques, and senior spiritual figures talked about it on telecasting and wireless. Many other degrees of Senegalese society joined in. By 1995, 200 NGOs were active in the response, as were adult females ‘s groups with about half a million members. HIV bar was included when sex instruction was introduced in schools. Parallel attempts reached out to immature people who are non in school. HIV voluntary and confidential guidance and proving were made available. Plans were instantly put in topographic point to back up sex workers to carry their clients to utilize rubber. Sexually Transmitted Infections ( STIs ) moved up the list of wellness precedences. Senegal was one of the first states in Africa to set up a national STI control plan that integrated STI attention into regular primary wellness services. Senegal ‘s success in HIV bar can be seen from the followers: HIV prevalence among pregnant adult females was merely over 1.4 % at the terminal of 1996, with no important tendency over clip. Condom distribution rose from 500,000 pieces in 1988 to 7 million pieces in 1997. Median age at first sex for adult females in 1997 for 25-29 old ages age group was 17.7 old ages but increased to 18.7 old ages for 20-24 old ages age group. Clearly, much in the societal construction and wellness services of Senegal before AIDS favored a successful response. In add-on, strong political committedness and the execution of effectual bar activities helped maintain Senegal ‘s rates of HIV infection among the lowest in sub-Saharan Africa.SiamFew states show the nexus between behaviour and HIV infection every bit clearly as Thailand.[ 21 ]Overall, behavioural alterations have reduced the figure of new HIV infections each twelvemonth from about 143,000 in 1991 to 29,000 in 2000. Thailand has a little over 60 million people, approximately 20 % of whom live in metropoliss. The gross national merchandise per capita was tantamount to about US $ 2700 in 1998. HIV prevalence among grownups was estimated at approximately 1.9 % , with higher prevalence in certain geographical countries and among certain groups. Thailand ‘s HIV prevalence is lower than that of Uganda, but it means a similar figure of people populating with HIV/AIDS. The effectual countrywide bar plan, which began in 1991, included several elements: The Prime Minister chaired the National AIDS Program. The Office of the Prime Minister took an active function in policy treatment, led the national public instruction attempt utilizing government-run mass media ( that is, public, non private ) , and took portion in monitoring. The Parliament established a sub-committee on AIDS. The National Economic and Social Development Board worked closely with the Ministry of Public Health to incorporate the National AIDS Plan into the five-year National Development Plan. The authorities AIDS budget increased drastically during the undermentioned old ages. Each cardinal ministry had its ain AIDS program and budget every bit good as a individual as the AIDS focal point. All provincial governors led the AIDS plan in their several states through the provincial development planning system. The concern community, people populating with HIV/AIDS, spiritual leaders and other community leaders became really involved in lending to policy duologue, resource mobilisation and the local execution of activities. In Thailand, 1991 was the turning point on human rights protection for PLHIV. HIV was removed from the list of diseases that required presentment to the wellness authorization. The prohibition on entry to Thailand of people with HIV/AIDS was lifted. A set of national policy guidelines to protect the rights of PLHIV was issued.[ 22 ] The most dramatic consequence of the national plan, famously known as 100 % rubber plan, can be seen from the followers: Entire figure of people populating with HIV/AIDS decreased from about 750,000 in 1995 to 650,000 in 2000. Work forces aged 15-49 sing sex workers dropped from 19 % in 1990 to 9 % in 1993. Reported figure of STIs in male fell from about 200,000 in 1989 to less than 20,000 in 1994. Consistent rubber usage among sex workers increased from over 50 % in 1990 to about 90 % in 1996.It Can Be Done: Conventional PositionTo show that success can be achieved even in resource-poor scenes, the experiences of these three states with differing civilizations and different degrees of the epidemic are discussed here. Uganda was difficult hit throughout the 1980s, and has had about two million cumulative AIDS-related deceases since so. Senegal, on the other manus, had non been earnestly affected by the epidemic. In Thailand, the epidemic became outstanding merely at the terminal of the 1980s but spread quickly once it took clasp. These are three different state of affairss, but behavioural alteration and some containment of the epidemic were achieved in these three developing states even with resource restraints. What are some indispensable characteristics of effectual plans which are shared by the three states? In each one, national AIDS plans portion a bundle of common characteristics that UNAIDS respects as â€Å" best pattern † , viz. : strong political committedness at the highest degree to covering with the epidemic ( this ensures policies and funding to turn to the epidemic ) ; multi-sectoral attacks to bar and attention and, at authorities degree, engagement by multiple ministries ; multilevel responses ( at national, provincial, territory and community degrees ) ; effectual monitoring of the epidemic and hazard behaviours, and airing of the findings both to better policies and plans and to prolong consciousness ; a combination of attempts aimed at the general population and focused on groups at high hazard, at the same clip ; execution on a big graduated table ; and integrated bar and attention. These actions proved to be effectual because leading was involved. The influence of leaders at different degrees of society in each state – the President/Prime Minister, the ministry functionaries, spiritual and community leaders, and so on – was seen in the bringing of policy waies and plan intercessions harmonizing to the desired or articulated ends and aims. The above actions can be interpreted from the leading perspectives as shown in Figure 2.Figure 2. It Can Be Done: Leadership PerspectiveCreate shared visionUganda: Public recognition, political committedness. Senegal: Political committedness, engagement of spiritual groups. Siam: Engagement of Prime Minister/ Parliamentarians and Provincial Governors.Align Valuess:Uganda: Public recognition, political committedness. Senegal: Political committedness, engagement of spiritual and many other groups including NGOs. Siam: Removing stigma and favoritismCoordinate Practices:Uganda: Multi-sectoral attack, IEC, rubber – societal selling and free distribution, Voluntary guidance and proving centre ( VCT ) . Senegal: Schools, VCT, rubber for sex workers, national STI plan. Siam: Engagement of provincial authorities and concerns.Leverage resources:Uganda: Multi-sectoral attack, political committedness. Senegal: National STI plans. Siam: National and provincial authorities budget, concern Therefore, the success of policies and plans is reflected through leading actions of making a shared vision, alining values, organizing patterns and leveraging resources among the individuals/ families, communities and wellness system, as shown in figure 3 belowFigure 3. The Leadership position for superior consequencesAs the context alterations, the leaders need to continually work on these actions to guarantee sustained advancement. The above mentioned early successes in HIV plans were non needfully sustained in go oning decrease in grownup prevalence of HIV infections. The HIV prevalence in Uganda had stabilized at between 6.5 % and 7 % since 2001. The grownup HIV prevalence remained low in Senegal at 2 % or under. On the other manus in Thailand, the rate of new HIV infections decreased by more than 25 % between 2001 and 2009. Current grownup HIV prevalence is estimated to be near to 1 % , a important diminution from a peak rate of about 2 % in 1995.