Self-Efficacy on Adolescent Involvement in Health Promoting Behaviors

Questions: 1. The following two paragraphs are taken from Zunker (2012). The majority of the citations and references have been made up and added to the text to assist with your required task. You are required to reformat the following two paragraphs in APA style by using the references below to reformat the in-text citations (the numbers for each reference represent the works cited in text) and check presentation (e.g., paragraph indents) using the APA author-date method.2. The sentence below is taken from page 606 of your Psychology textbook by Burton, Westen, and Kowalski (2015). Your task is to format the sentence in APA style in two ways: (a) First, write this sentence as a direct quote from the authors, placing the citation details at the end of the sentence in parentheses; (b) second, use the active voice to introduce the same quotation as part of the The sentence follows below. From a behavioural perspective, many psychological problems involve conditioned emotional responses, in which a previously neutral stimulus has become associated with unpleasant emotions.3. The material below is found on page 417 of your Psychology textbook by Burton, Westen, and Kowalski (2015). Your task is to format this material as a direct quote from the authors in APA The material follows below. Our personality is not just our motives; nor is it just the way we solve problems or the ways we interact with other people. Personality is the way our motives, emotions and ways of thinking about ourselves, others and the world interact in particular situations to produce ways of responding that are characteristically ours.4. The sentence below is taken from your Psychology textbook by Burton, Westen, and Kowalski (2015). If you wanted to write about what these authors found but had not actually read the published (1965) article by Spiro, you would use a secondary citation to cite this research in your own Remember, you would usually rephrase the information in this sentence in your own words (i.e., paraphrase the meaning of the sentence, using your own words) and include an appropriate secondary citation formatted in APA style. However, the task here is to format the sentence below as a secondary citation. Defence mechanisms are generally considered properties of individuals, but some defences are patterned at a cultural level (Spiro, 1965). In APA style, you may place the secondary citation at the end of the sentence in parentheses, or you may introduce the concept as part of the narrative by placing the secondary citation at the beginning of the sentence as part of the narrative. 5.Reformat the following paragraphs in correct APA style. You do not need to paraphrase. In particular, note how to format the in-text citations; check for the proper use of and and ; check paragraph indentations; reformat abbreviations and acronyms; demonstrate the rules for numbers; use double line spacing; show correct use of Latin abbreviations; and demonstrate point form for a series of elements. Answers: 1. Career counselling was founded on the principle of individual differences in assets and strengths (Pinocchio Donk, 2010). Measures of individual traits were the primary focus of early career counselling (Pinocchio Donk, 2010). The major goal was to match an individuals assets and strengths with job requirements (Super, Parson, Cox, Holland, 2014). From these early beginnings, career counsellors gradually and carefully expanded the scope of human traits used in the career process (Super, Parson, Cox, Holland, 2014). In the meantime researchers built career development theories and counselling procedures currently being addressed in the career counselling process. Career development helps learners to form a strong base on what they aspire to be achieve, and realize in their future work positions. Current career counselling processes include a concerted effort to build an understanding of an individuals traits, aspirations, motives, preferred lifestyle, and career and personal concerns (Super, Parson, Cox, Holland, 2014; Thomas Butler, 2012). With the mindset that accompanies a holistic counselling approach, counsellors evaluate how individual problems and subsequent challenges are interrelated (Thomas, Butler, 2012; Zunker, 2001). The uniqueness of each individual is used to build tailored individualised intervention strategies (Gardner, Pickett, Brewer, 2000). Every person has a unique character that makes him outstanding and differentiable from the other people in a given setting. It is therefore very important for people to brand themselves differently from other so that it would be easy for anyone to differentiate them from other people when it comes to selection. 2. In 2015, Burton, Westen, and Kowalski noted From a behavioural perspective, many psychological problems involve conditioned emotional responses, in which a previously neutral stimulus has become associated with unpleasant emotions (P. 606). According to Burton, Westen, and Kowalski (2015), from a behavioural perspective, many psychological problems involve conditioned emotional responses, in which a previously neutral stimulus has become associated with unpleasant emotions (P. 606). 3. Our personality is not just our motives; nor is it just the way we solve problems or the ways we interact with other people. Personality is the way our motives, emotions and ways of thinking about ourselves, others and the world interact in particular situations to produce ways of responding that are characteristically ours. (Burton, Westen, and Kowalski,2015, p. 417). Personality brands the character of an individual as to whether ambitious, focused, helpful, or not ambitious and unfriendly towards helping people grow their talents to reality. Most peoples personality does not contribute to any extent on the success of other people who surround them due to their unwillingness to assist them achieve their dreams. Other people have been able to form a great personality in which they value the ideas, thoughts, and perceptions of other people when it comes to the implementation of key decisions in varying environments (Burton, Westen, and Kowalski, 2015, p. 420). 4. Majorly, defense mechanism is seen as part and parcel of an individual. However, in some cases defense is based on cultural perspectives (Spiro, 1965). Defense mechanisms prevent human beings from experiencing dangers in case of attacks from the enemy. Human beings are guarded by defense organs of the government as well as their private security agencies in case this is affordable and necessary. Peace brings harmony an liberty to the community and society at large and therefore the government through its public agencies employ defense mechanisms for the interest of public policy. According to Spiro, (1965), no one lives a life whereby no enemies surround him or her, this hence brings the need of valuing humanity by the relevant agencies of the government through offering security as at and every time. This ensures a peaceful coexistence in the society at large. 5. As noted by Burton, Westen Kowalski (2015), stress challenges individuals ability to adapt to both environmental and internal demands, often producing physical and emotional arousal. As such, chronic stress has a substantial effect on individuals psychological and psychological challenge. This presents a need for research to examine the impact of stress on the health of individuals. As per Burton, Westen, Kowalski, (2015), the culture, beliefs, attitudes, norms, and attitudes of people dictate the nature of behaviors that people from a certain community may form from their childhood. The age of childhood matters a lot and the environment over which people are raised at since this makes young people to either feel contented or even feel not born in the right place. The ability to be stressed makes people view their ecological positions as weird and not friendly towards the success and growth of their dreams. Coleborn, Bidgood Doherty (1995) examined the impact of stress on the health of eighty men and fifty women, aged 40 to 55 years old. Using a DHQ (daily hassles questionnaire) which comprised questions about the 10 most common daily hassles, the authors found that: People under stress often suffer from headaches, depression, and other health problems. Stress can have a direct effect on health by depressing the body to fight illness. Other debate is the impact of stress on health. Coleborn, Bidgood Doherty (1995) also found that stress is more likely to affect peoples health if people do not have adequate social support. Similarly, exercise can moderate the impact of stress on health, (for example, men and women who were physically unfit became ill when stressed).Unfortunately, people fail to carry out health-promoting behaviours for a variety of reasons, i.e., lack of knowledge or resources and unrealistic expectations about their chances of avoiding major health problems. References Archer, E. M., Archer, R. P., Hagan, L. D., Handel, R., Mason, J.(2002). MMPI-2-RF characteristics of custody evaluation litigants. Journal of Assessment, volume 19 (1), 14-20. Retrieved from https://asm.sagepub.com/ Ben-Porath, Y. S., Graham, J. R. (1995). Forensic applications of the MMPI-2: Vol. 2. Scientific bases of forensic applications of the MMPI-2. M. S. Sage Publications, Thousand Oaks, CA. Ben-Porath, Y. S, Graham, J. R., Hall, G. C, Hirschman, R. D. Zaragoza. Bolinskey, P. K., Nichols, D. S.(2011). Construct drift in the MMPI-2 Restructured Clinical scales: Further evidence and a possible historic example. Journal of Clinical Psychology, volume 67(3) 907- 917. Coyne, J. C., Kanner, A. D., Lazarus, R. S. Schaefer, C., (1981). Comparison of two modes of stress measurement: Daily hassles and uplifts versus major life events. Journal of Behavioral Medicine, volume 4(1), 1-39. doi:10.1007/BF00844845